/ bignumber.js
bignumber.js
   1  /*! bignumber.js v4.0.2 https://github.com/MikeMcl/bignumber.js/LICENCE */
   2  
   3  ;(function (globalObj) {
   4      'use strict';
   5  
   6      /*
   7        bignumber.js v4.0.2
   8        A JavaScript library for arbitrary-precision arithmetic.
   9        https://github.com/MikeMcl/bignumber.js
  10        Copyright (c) 2017 Michael Mclaughlin <M8ch88l@gmail.com>
  11        MIT Expat Licence
  12      */
  13  
  14  
  15      var BigNumber,
  16          isNumeric = /^-?(\d+(\.\d*)?|\.\d+)(e[+-]?\d+)?$/i,
  17          mathceil = Math.ceil,
  18          mathfloor = Math.floor,
  19          notBool = ' not a boolean or binary digit',
  20          roundingMode = 'rounding mode',
  21          tooManyDigits = 'number type has more than 15 significant digits',
  22          ALPHABET = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ$_',
  23          BASE = 1e14,
  24          LOG_BASE = 14,
  25          MAX_SAFE_INTEGER = 0x1fffffffffffff,         // 2^53 - 1
  26          // MAX_INT32 = 0x7fffffff,                   // 2^31 - 1
  27          POWS_TEN = [1, 10, 100, 1e3, 1e4, 1e5, 1e6, 1e7, 1e8, 1e9, 1e10, 1e11, 1e12, 1e13],
  28          SQRT_BASE = 1e7,
  29  
  30          /*
  31           * The limit on the value of DECIMAL_PLACES, TO_EXP_NEG, TO_EXP_POS, MIN_EXP, MAX_EXP, and
  32           * the arguments to toExponential, toFixed, toFormat, and toPrecision, beyond which an
  33           * exception is thrown (if ERRORS is true).
  34           */
  35          MAX = 1E9;                                   // 0 to MAX_INT32
  36  
  37  
  38      /*
  39       * Create and return a BigNumber constructor.
  40       */
  41      function constructorFactory(config) {
  42          var div, parseNumeric,
  43  
  44              // id tracks the caller function, so its name can be included in error messages.
  45              id = 0,
  46              P = BigNumber.prototype,
  47              ONE = new BigNumber(1),
  48  
  49  
  50              /********************************* EDITABLE DEFAULTS **********************************/
  51  
  52  
  53              /*
  54               * The default values below must be integers within the inclusive ranges stated.
  55               * The values can also be changed at run-time using BigNumber.config.
  56               */
  57  
  58              // The maximum number of decimal places for operations involving division.
  59              DECIMAL_PLACES = 20,                     // 0 to MAX
  60  
  61              /*
  62               * The rounding mode used when rounding to the above decimal places, and when using
  63               * toExponential, toFixed, toFormat and toPrecision, and round (default value).
  64               * UP         0 Away from zero.
  65               * DOWN       1 Towards zero.
  66               * CEIL       2 Towards +Infinity.
  67               * FLOOR      3 Towards -Infinity.
  68               * HALF_UP    4 Towards nearest neighbour. If equidistant, up.
  69               * HALF_DOWN  5 Towards nearest neighbour. If equidistant, down.
  70               * HALF_EVEN  6 Towards nearest neighbour. If equidistant, towards even neighbour.
  71               * HALF_CEIL  7 Towards nearest neighbour. If equidistant, towards +Infinity.
  72               * HALF_FLOOR 8 Towards nearest neighbour. If equidistant, towards -Infinity.
  73               */
  74              ROUNDING_MODE = 4,                       // 0 to 8
  75  
  76              // EXPONENTIAL_AT : [TO_EXP_NEG , TO_EXP_POS]
  77  
  78              // The exponent value at and beneath which toString returns exponential notation.
  79              // Number type: -7
  80              TO_EXP_NEG = -7,                         // 0 to -MAX
  81  
  82              // The exponent value at and above which toString returns exponential notation.
  83              // Number type: 21
  84              TO_EXP_POS = 21,                         // 0 to MAX
  85  
  86              // RANGE : [MIN_EXP, MAX_EXP]
  87  
  88              // The minimum exponent value, beneath which underflow to zero occurs.
  89              // Number type: -324  (5e-324)
  90              MIN_EXP = -1e7,                          // -1 to -MAX
  91  
  92              // The maximum exponent value, above which overflow to Infinity occurs.
  93              // Number type:  308  (1.7976931348623157e+308)
  94              // For MAX_EXP > 1e7, e.g. new BigNumber('1e100000000').plus(1) may be slow.
  95              MAX_EXP = 1e7,                           // 1 to MAX
  96  
  97              // Whether BigNumber Errors are ever thrown.
  98              ERRORS = true,                           // true or false
  99  
 100              // Change to intValidatorNoErrors if ERRORS is false.
 101              isValidInt = intValidatorWithErrors,     // intValidatorWithErrors/intValidatorNoErrors
 102  
 103              // Whether to use cryptographically-secure random number generation, if available.
 104              CRYPTO = false,                          // true or false
 105  
 106              /*
 107               * The modulo mode used when calculating the modulus: a mod n.
 108               * The quotient (q = a / n) is calculated according to the corresponding rounding mode.
 109               * The remainder (r) is calculated as: r = a - n * q.
 110               *
 111               * UP        0 The remainder is positive if the dividend is negative, else is negative.
 112               * DOWN      1 The remainder has the same sign as the dividend.
 113               *             This modulo mode is commonly known as 'truncated division' and is
 114               *             equivalent to (a % n) in JavaScript.
 115               * FLOOR     3 The remainder has the same sign as the divisor (Python %).
 116               * HALF_EVEN 6 This modulo mode implements the IEEE 754 remainder function.
 117               * EUCLID    9 Euclidian division. q = sign(n) * floor(a / abs(n)).
 118               *             The remainder is always positive.
 119               *
 120               * The truncated division, floored division, Euclidian division and IEEE 754 remainder
 121               * modes are commonly used for the modulus operation.
 122               * Although the other rounding modes can also be used, they may not give useful results.
 123               */
 124              MODULO_MODE = 1,                         // 0 to 9
 125  
 126              // The maximum number of significant digits of the result of the toPower operation.
 127              // If POW_PRECISION is 0, there will be unlimited significant digits.
 128              POW_PRECISION = 0,                       // 0 to MAX
 129  
 130              // The format specification used by the BigNumber.prototype.toFormat method.
 131              FORMAT = {
 132                  decimalSeparator: '.',
 133                  groupSeparator: ',',
 134                  groupSize: 3,
 135                  secondaryGroupSize: 0,
 136                  fractionGroupSeparator: '\xA0',      // non-breaking space
 137                  fractionGroupSize: 0
 138              };
 139  
 140  
 141          /******************************************************************************************/
 142  
 143  
 144          // CONSTRUCTOR
 145  
 146  
 147          /*
 148           * The BigNumber constructor and exported function.
 149           * Create and return a new instance of a BigNumber object.
 150           *
 151           * n {number|string|BigNumber} A numeric value.
 152           * [b] {number} The base of n. Integer, 2 to 64 inclusive.
 153           */
 154          function BigNumber( n, b ) {
 155              var c, e, i, num, len, str,
 156                  x = this;
 157  
 158              // Enable constructor usage without new.
 159              if ( !( x instanceof BigNumber ) ) {
 160  
 161                  // 'BigNumber() constructor call without new: {n}'
 162                  if (ERRORS) raise( 26, 'constructor call without new', n );
 163                  return new BigNumber( n, b );
 164              }
 165  
 166              // 'new BigNumber() base not an integer: {b}'
 167              // 'new BigNumber() base out of range: {b}'
 168              if ( b == null || !isValidInt( b, 2, 64, id, 'base' ) ) {
 169  
 170                  // Duplicate.
 171                  if ( n instanceof BigNumber ) {
 172                      x.s = n.s;
 173                      x.e = n.e;
 174                      x.c = ( n = n.c ) ? n.slice() : n;
 175                      id = 0;
 176                      return;
 177                  }
 178  
 179                  if ( ( num = typeof n == 'number' ) && n * 0 == 0 ) {
 180                      x.s = 1 / n < 0 ? ( n = -n, -1 ) : 1;
 181  
 182                      // Fast path for integers.
 183                      if ( n === ~~n ) {
 184                          for ( e = 0, i = n; i >= 10; i /= 10, e++ );
 185                          x.e = e;
 186                          x.c = [n];
 187                          id = 0;
 188                          return;
 189                      }
 190  
 191                      str = n + '';
 192                  } else {
 193                      if ( !isNumeric.test( str = n + '' ) ) return parseNumeric( x, str, num );
 194                      x.s = str.charCodeAt(0) === 45 ? ( str = str.slice(1), -1 ) : 1;
 195                  }
 196              } else {
 197                  b = b | 0;
 198                  str = n + '';
 199  
 200                  // Ensure return value is rounded to DECIMAL_PLACES as with other bases.
 201                  // Allow exponential notation to be used with base 10 argument.
 202                  if ( b == 10 ) {
 203                      x = new BigNumber( n instanceof BigNumber ? n : str );
 204                      return round( x, DECIMAL_PLACES + x.e + 1, ROUNDING_MODE );
 205                  }
 206  
 207                  // Avoid potential interpretation of Infinity and NaN as base 44+ values.
 208                  // Any number in exponential form will fail due to the [Ee][+-].
 209                  if ( ( num = typeof n == 'number' ) && n * 0 != 0 ||
 210                    !( new RegExp( '^-?' + ( c = '[' + ALPHABET.slice( 0, b ) + ']+' ) +
 211                      '(?:\\.' + c + ')?$',b < 37 ? 'i' : '' ) ).test(str) ) {
 212                      return parseNumeric( x, str, num, b );
 213                  }
 214  
 215                  if (num) {
 216                      x.s = 1 / n < 0 ? ( str = str.slice(1), -1 ) : 1;
 217  
 218                      if ( ERRORS && str.replace( /^0\.0*|\./, '' ).length > 15 ) {
 219  
 220                          // 'new BigNumber() number type has more than 15 significant digits: {n}'
 221                          raise( id, tooManyDigits, n );
 222                      }
 223  
 224                      // Prevent later check for length on converted number.
 225                      num = false;
 226                  } else {
 227                      x.s = str.charCodeAt(0) === 45 ? ( str = str.slice(1), -1 ) : 1;
 228                  }
 229  
 230                  str = convertBase( str, 10, b, x.s );
 231              }
 232  
 233              // Decimal point?
 234              if ( ( e = str.indexOf('.') ) > -1 ) str = str.replace( '.', '' );
 235  
 236              // Exponential form?
 237              if ( ( i = str.search( /e/i ) ) > 0 ) {
 238  
 239                  // Determine exponent.
 240                  if ( e < 0 ) e = i;
 241                  e += +str.slice( i + 1 );
 242                  str = str.substring( 0, i );
 243              } else if ( e < 0 ) {
 244  
 245                  // Integer.
 246                  e = str.length;
 247              }
 248  
 249              // Determine leading zeros.
 250              for ( i = 0; str.charCodeAt(i) === 48; i++ );
 251  
 252              // Determine trailing zeros.
 253              for ( len = str.length; str.charCodeAt(--len) === 48; );
 254              str = str.slice( i, len + 1 );
 255  
 256              if (str) {
 257                  len = str.length;
 258  
 259                  // Disallow numbers with over 15 significant digits if number type.
 260                  // 'new BigNumber() number type has more than 15 significant digits: {n}'
 261                  if ( num && ERRORS && len > 15 && ( n > MAX_SAFE_INTEGER || n !== mathfloor(n) ) ) {
 262                      raise( id, tooManyDigits, x.s * n );
 263                  }
 264  
 265                  e = e - i - 1;
 266  
 267                   // Overflow?
 268                  if ( e > MAX_EXP ) {
 269  
 270                      // Infinity.
 271                      x.c = x.e = null;
 272  
 273                  // Underflow?
 274                  } else if ( e < MIN_EXP ) {
 275  
 276                      // Zero.
 277                      x.c = [ x.e = 0 ];
 278                  } else {
 279                      x.e = e;
 280                      x.c = [];
 281  
 282                      // Transform base
 283  
 284                      // e is the base 10 exponent.
 285                      // i is where to slice str to get the first element of the coefficient array.
 286                      i = ( e + 1 ) % LOG_BASE;
 287                      if ( e < 0 ) i += LOG_BASE;
 288  
 289                      if ( i < len ) {
 290                          if (i) x.c.push( +str.slice( 0, i ) );
 291  
 292                          for ( len -= LOG_BASE; i < len; ) {
 293                              x.c.push( +str.slice( i, i += LOG_BASE ) );
 294                          }
 295  
 296                          str = str.slice(i);
 297                          i = LOG_BASE - str.length;
 298                      } else {
 299                          i -= len;
 300                      }
 301  
 302                      for ( ; i--; str += '0' );
 303                      x.c.push( +str );
 304                  }
 305              } else {
 306  
 307                  // Zero.
 308                  x.c = [ x.e = 0 ];
 309              }
 310  
 311              id = 0;
 312          }
 313  
 314  
 315          // CONSTRUCTOR PROPERTIES
 316  
 317  
 318          BigNumber.another = constructorFactory;
 319  
 320          BigNumber.ROUND_UP = 0;
 321          BigNumber.ROUND_DOWN = 1;
 322          BigNumber.ROUND_CEIL = 2;
 323          BigNumber.ROUND_FLOOR = 3;
 324          BigNumber.ROUND_HALF_UP = 4;
 325          BigNumber.ROUND_HALF_DOWN = 5;
 326          BigNumber.ROUND_HALF_EVEN = 6;
 327          BigNumber.ROUND_HALF_CEIL = 7;
 328          BigNumber.ROUND_HALF_FLOOR = 8;
 329          BigNumber.EUCLID = 9;
 330  
 331  
 332          /*
 333           * Configure infrequently-changing library-wide settings.
 334           *
 335           * Accept an object or an argument list, with one or many of the following properties or
 336           * parameters respectively:
 337           *
 338           *   DECIMAL_PLACES  {number}  Integer, 0 to MAX inclusive
 339           *   ROUNDING_MODE   {number}  Integer, 0 to 8 inclusive
 340           *   EXPONENTIAL_AT  {number|number[]}  Integer, -MAX to MAX inclusive or
 341           *                                      [integer -MAX to 0 incl., 0 to MAX incl.]
 342           *   RANGE           {number|number[]}  Non-zero integer, -MAX to MAX inclusive or
 343           *                                      [integer -MAX to -1 incl., integer 1 to MAX incl.]
 344           *   ERRORS          {boolean|number}   true, false, 1 or 0
 345           *   CRYPTO          {boolean|number}   true, false, 1 or 0
 346           *   MODULO_MODE     {number}           0 to 9 inclusive
 347           *   POW_PRECISION   {number}           0 to MAX inclusive
 348           *   FORMAT          {object}           See BigNumber.prototype.toFormat
 349           *      decimalSeparator       {string}
 350           *      groupSeparator         {string}
 351           *      groupSize              {number}
 352           *      secondaryGroupSize     {number}
 353           *      fractionGroupSeparator {string}
 354           *      fractionGroupSize      {number}
 355           *
 356           * (The values assigned to the above FORMAT object properties are not checked for validity.)
 357           *
 358           * E.g.
 359           * BigNumber.config(20, 4) is equivalent to
 360           * BigNumber.config({ DECIMAL_PLACES : 20, ROUNDING_MODE : 4 })
 361           *
 362           * Ignore properties/parameters set to null or undefined.
 363           * Return an object with the properties current values.
 364           */
 365          BigNumber.config = BigNumber.set = function () {
 366              var v, p,
 367                  i = 0,
 368                  r = {},
 369                  a = arguments,
 370                  o = a[0],
 371                  has = o && typeof o == 'object'
 372                    ? function () { if ( o.hasOwnProperty(p) ) return ( v = o[p] ) != null; }
 373                    : function () { if ( a.length > i ) return ( v = a[i++] ) != null; };
 374  
 375              // DECIMAL_PLACES {number} Integer, 0 to MAX inclusive.
 376              // 'config() DECIMAL_PLACES not an integer: {v}'
 377              // 'config() DECIMAL_PLACES out of range: {v}'
 378              if ( has( p = 'DECIMAL_PLACES' ) && isValidInt( v, 0, MAX, 2, p ) ) {
 379                  DECIMAL_PLACES = v | 0;
 380              }
 381              r[p] = DECIMAL_PLACES;
 382  
 383              // ROUNDING_MODE {number} Integer, 0 to 8 inclusive.
 384              // 'config() ROUNDING_MODE not an integer: {v}'
 385              // 'config() ROUNDING_MODE out of range: {v}'
 386              if ( has( p = 'ROUNDING_MODE' ) && isValidInt( v, 0, 8, 2, p ) ) {
 387                  ROUNDING_MODE = v | 0;
 388              }
 389              r[p] = ROUNDING_MODE;
 390  
 391              // EXPONENTIAL_AT {number|number[]}
 392              // Integer, -MAX to MAX inclusive or [integer -MAX to 0 inclusive, 0 to MAX inclusive].
 393              // 'config() EXPONENTIAL_AT not an integer: {v}'
 394              // 'config() EXPONENTIAL_AT out of range: {v}'
 395              if ( has( p = 'EXPONENTIAL_AT' ) ) {
 396  
 397                  if ( isArray(v) ) {
 398                      if ( isValidInt( v[0], -MAX, 0, 2, p ) && isValidInt( v[1], 0, MAX, 2, p ) ) {
 399                          TO_EXP_NEG = v[0] | 0;
 400                          TO_EXP_POS = v[1] | 0;
 401                      }
 402                  } else if ( isValidInt( v, -MAX, MAX, 2, p ) ) {
 403                      TO_EXP_NEG = -( TO_EXP_POS = ( v < 0 ? -v : v ) | 0 );
 404                  }
 405              }
 406              r[p] = [ TO_EXP_NEG, TO_EXP_POS ];
 407  
 408              // RANGE {number|number[]} Non-zero integer, -MAX to MAX inclusive or
 409              // [integer -MAX to -1 inclusive, integer 1 to MAX inclusive].
 410              // 'config() RANGE not an integer: {v}'
 411              // 'config() RANGE cannot be zero: {v}'
 412              // 'config() RANGE out of range: {v}'
 413              if ( has( p = 'RANGE' ) ) {
 414  
 415                  if ( isArray(v) ) {
 416                      if ( isValidInt( v[0], -MAX, -1, 2, p ) && isValidInt( v[1], 1, MAX, 2, p ) ) {
 417                          MIN_EXP = v[0] | 0;
 418                          MAX_EXP = v[1] | 0;
 419                      }
 420                  } else if ( isValidInt( v, -MAX, MAX, 2, p ) ) {
 421                      if ( v | 0 ) MIN_EXP = -( MAX_EXP = ( v < 0 ? -v : v ) | 0 );
 422                      else if (ERRORS) raise( 2, p + ' cannot be zero', v );
 423                  }
 424              }
 425              r[p] = [ MIN_EXP, MAX_EXP ];
 426  
 427              // ERRORS {boolean|number} true, false, 1 or 0.
 428              // 'config() ERRORS not a boolean or binary digit: {v}'
 429              if ( has( p = 'ERRORS' ) ) {
 430  
 431                  if ( v === !!v || v === 1 || v === 0 ) {
 432                      id = 0;
 433                      isValidInt = ( ERRORS = !!v ) ? intValidatorWithErrors : intValidatorNoErrors;
 434                  } else if (ERRORS) {
 435                      raise( 2, p + notBool, v );
 436                  }
 437              }
 438              r[p] = ERRORS;
 439  
 440              // CRYPTO {boolean|number} true, false, 1 or 0.
 441              // 'config() CRYPTO not a boolean or binary digit: {v}'
 442              // 'config() crypto unavailable: {crypto}'
 443              if ( has( p = 'CRYPTO' ) ) {
 444  
 445                  if ( v === true || v === false || v === 1 || v === 0 ) {
 446                      if (v) {
 447                          v = typeof crypto == 'undefined';
 448                          if ( !v && crypto && (crypto.getRandomValues || crypto.randomBytes)) {
 449                              CRYPTO = true;
 450                          } else if (ERRORS) {
 451                              raise( 2, 'crypto unavailable', v ? void 0 : crypto );
 452                          } else {
 453                              CRYPTO = false;
 454                          }
 455                      } else {
 456                          CRYPTO = false;
 457                      }
 458                  } else if (ERRORS) {
 459                      raise( 2, p + notBool, v );
 460                  }
 461              }
 462              r[p] = CRYPTO;
 463  
 464              // MODULO_MODE {number} Integer, 0 to 9 inclusive.
 465              // 'config() MODULO_MODE not an integer: {v}'
 466              // 'config() MODULO_MODE out of range: {v}'
 467              if ( has( p = 'MODULO_MODE' ) && isValidInt( v, 0, 9, 2, p ) ) {
 468                  MODULO_MODE = v | 0;
 469              }
 470              r[p] = MODULO_MODE;
 471  
 472              // POW_PRECISION {number} Integer, 0 to MAX inclusive.
 473              // 'config() POW_PRECISION not an integer: {v}'
 474              // 'config() POW_PRECISION out of range: {v}'
 475              if ( has( p = 'POW_PRECISION' ) && isValidInt( v, 0, MAX, 2, p ) ) {
 476                  POW_PRECISION = v | 0;
 477              }
 478              r[p] = POW_PRECISION;
 479  
 480              // FORMAT {object}
 481              // 'config() FORMAT not an object: {v}'
 482              if ( has( p = 'FORMAT' ) ) {
 483  
 484                  if ( typeof v == 'object' ) {
 485                      FORMAT = v;
 486                  } else if (ERRORS) {
 487                      raise( 2, p + ' not an object', v );
 488                  }
 489              }
 490              r[p] = FORMAT;
 491  
 492              return r;
 493          };
 494  
 495  
 496          /*
 497           * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the maximum of the arguments.
 498           *
 499           * arguments {number|string|BigNumber}
 500           */
 501          BigNumber.max = function () { return maxOrMin( arguments, P.lt ); };
 502  
 503  
 504          /*
 505           * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the minimum of the arguments.
 506           *
 507           * arguments {number|string|BigNumber}
 508           */
 509          BigNumber.min = function () { return maxOrMin( arguments, P.gt ); };
 510  
 511  
 512          /*
 513           * Return a new BigNumber with a random value equal to or greater than 0 and less than 1,
 514           * and with dp, or DECIMAL_PLACES if dp is omitted, decimal places (or less if trailing
 515           * zeros are produced).
 516           *
 517           * [dp] {number} Decimal places. Integer, 0 to MAX inclusive.
 518           *
 519           * 'random() decimal places not an integer: {dp}'
 520           * 'random() decimal places out of range: {dp}'
 521           * 'random() crypto unavailable: {crypto}'
 522           */
 523          BigNumber.random = (function () {
 524              var pow2_53 = 0x20000000000000;
 525  
 526              // Return a 53 bit integer n, where 0 <= n < 9007199254740992.
 527              // Check if Math.random() produces more than 32 bits of randomness.
 528              // If it does, assume at least 53 bits are produced, otherwise assume at least 30 bits.
 529              // 0x40000000 is 2^30, 0x800000 is 2^23, 0x1fffff is 2^21 - 1.
 530              var random53bitInt = (Math.random() * pow2_53) & 0x1fffff
 531                ? function () { return mathfloor( Math.random() * pow2_53 ); }
 532                : function () { return ((Math.random() * 0x40000000 | 0) * 0x800000) +
 533                    (Math.random() * 0x800000 | 0); };
 534  
 535              return function (dp) {
 536                  var a, b, e, k, v,
 537                      i = 0,
 538                      c = [],
 539                      rand = new BigNumber(ONE);
 540  
 541                  dp = dp == null || !isValidInt( dp, 0, MAX, 14 ) ? DECIMAL_PLACES : dp | 0;
 542                  k = mathceil( dp / LOG_BASE );
 543  
 544                  if (CRYPTO) {
 545  
 546                      // Browsers supporting crypto.getRandomValues.
 547                      if (crypto.getRandomValues) {
 548  
 549                          a = crypto.getRandomValues( new Uint32Array( k *= 2 ) );
 550  
 551                          for ( ; i < k; ) {
 552  
 553                              // 53 bits:
 554                              // ((Math.pow(2, 32) - 1) * Math.pow(2, 21)).toString(2)
 555                              // 11111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000 00000000 00000000
 556                              // ((Math.pow(2, 32) - 1) >>> 11).toString(2)
 557                              //                                     11111 11111111 11111111
 558                              // 0x20000 is 2^21.
 559                              v = a[i] * 0x20000 + (a[i + 1] >>> 11);
 560  
 561                              // Rejection sampling:
 562                              // 0 <= v < 9007199254740992
 563                              // Probability that v >= 9e15, is
 564                              // 7199254740992 / 9007199254740992 ~= 0.0008, i.e. 1 in 1251
 565                              if ( v >= 9e15 ) {
 566                                  b = crypto.getRandomValues( new Uint32Array(2) );
 567                                  a[i] = b[0];
 568                                  a[i + 1] = b[1];
 569                              } else {
 570  
 571                                  // 0 <= v <= 8999999999999999
 572                                  // 0 <= (v % 1e14) <= 99999999999999
 573                                  c.push( v % 1e14 );
 574                                  i += 2;
 575                              }
 576                          }
 577                          i = k / 2;
 578  
 579                      // Node.js supporting crypto.randomBytes.
 580                      } else if (crypto.randomBytes) {
 581  
 582                          // buffer
 583                          a = crypto.randomBytes( k *= 7 );
 584  
 585                          for ( ; i < k; ) {
 586  
 587                              // 0x1000000000000 is 2^48, 0x10000000000 is 2^40
 588                              // 0x100000000 is 2^32, 0x1000000 is 2^24
 589                              // 11111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111
 590                              // 0 <= v < 9007199254740992
 591                              v = ( ( a[i] & 31 ) * 0x1000000000000 ) + ( a[i + 1] * 0x10000000000 ) +
 592                                    ( a[i + 2] * 0x100000000 ) + ( a[i + 3] * 0x1000000 ) +
 593                                    ( a[i + 4] << 16 ) + ( a[i + 5] << 8 ) + a[i + 6];
 594  
 595                              if ( v >= 9e15 ) {
 596                                  crypto.randomBytes(7).copy( a, i );
 597                              } else {
 598  
 599                                  // 0 <= (v % 1e14) <= 99999999999999
 600                                  c.push( v % 1e14 );
 601                                  i += 7;
 602                              }
 603                          }
 604                          i = k / 7;
 605                      } else {
 606                          CRYPTO = false;
 607                          if (ERRORS) raise( 14, 'crypto unavailable', crypto );
 608                      }
 609                  }
 610  
 611                  // Use Math.random.
 612                  if (!CRYPTO) {
 613  
 614                      for ( ; i < k; ) {
 615                          v = random53bitInt();
 616                          if ( v < 9e15 ) c[i++] = v % 1e14;
 617                      }
 618                  }
 619  
 620                  k = c[--i];
 621                  dp %= LOG_BASE;
 622  
 623                  // Convert trailing digits to zeros according to dp.
 624                  if ( k && dp ) {
 625                      v = POWS_TEN[LOG_BASE - dp];
 626                      c[i] = mathfloor( k / v ) * v;
 627                  }
 628  
 629                  // Remove trailing elements which are zero.
 630                  for ( ; c[i] === 0; c.pop(), i-- );
 631  
 632                  // Zero?
 633                  if ( i < 0 ) {
 634                      c = [ e = 0 ];
 635                  } else {
 636  
 637                      // Remove leading elements which are zero and adjust exponent accordingly.
 638                      for ( e = -1 ; c[0] === 0; c.splice(0, 1), e -= LOG_BASE);
 639  
 640                      // Count the digits of the first element of c to determine leading zeros, and...
 641                      for ( i = 1, v = c[0]; v >= 10; v /= 10, i++);
 642  
 643                      // adjust the exponent accordingly.
 644                      if ( i < LOG_BASE ) e -= LOG_BASE - i;
 645                  }
 646  
 647                  rand.e = e;
 648                  rand.c = c;
 649                  return rand;
 650              };
 651          })();
 652  
 653  
 654          // PRIVATE FUNCTIONS
 655  
 656  
 657          // Convert a numeric string of baseIn to a numeric string of baseOut.
 658          function convertBase( str, baseOut, baseIn, sign ) {
 659              var d, e, k, r, x, xc, y,
 660                  i = str.indexOf( '.' ),
 661                  dp = DECIMAL_PLACES,
 662                  rm = ROUNDING_MODE;
 663  
 664              if ( baseIn < 37 ) str = str.toLowerCase();
 665  
 666              // Non-integer.
 667              if ( i >= 0 ) {
 668                  k = POW_PRECISION;
 669  
 670                  // Unlimited precision.
 671                  POW_PRECISION = 0;
 672                  str = str.replace( '.', '' );
 673                  y = new BigNumber(baseIn);
 674                  x = y.pow( str.length - i );
 675                  POW_PRECISION = k;
 676  
 677                  // Convert str as if an integer, then restore the fraction part by dividing the
 678                  // result by its base raised to a power.
 679                  y.c = toBaseOut( toFixedPoint( coeffToString( x.c ), x.e ), 10, baseOut );
 680                  y.e = y.c.length;
 681              }
 682  
 683              // Convert the number as integer.
 684              xc = toBaseOut( str, baseIn, baseOut );
 685              e = k = xc.length;
 686  
 687              // Remove trailing zeros.
 688              for ( ; xc[--k] == 0; xc.pop() );
 689              if ( !xc[0] ) return '0';
 690  
 691              if ( i < 0 ) {
 692                  --e;
 693              } else {
 694                  x.c = xc;
 695                  x.e = e;
 696  
 697                  // sign is needed for correct rounding.
 698                  x.s = sign;
 699                  x = div( x, y, dp, rm, baseOut );
 700                  xc = x.c;
 701                  r = x.r;
 702                  e = x.e;
 703              }
 704  
 705              d = e + dp + 1;
 706  
 707              // The rounding digit, i.e. the digit to the right of the digit that may be rounded up.
 708              i = xc[d];
 709              k = baseOut / 2;
 710              r = r || d < 0 || xc[d + 1] != null;
 711  
 712              r = rm < 4 ? ( i != null || r ) && ( rm == 0 || rm == ( x.s < 0 ? 3 : 2 ) )
 713                         : i > k || i == k &&( rm == 4 || r || rm == 6 && xc[d - 1] & 1 ||
 714                           rm == ( x.s < 0 ? 8 : 7 ) );
 715  
 716              if ( d < 1 || !xc[0] ) {
 717  
 718                  // 1^-dp or 0.
 719                  str = r ? toFixedPoint( '1', -dp ) : '0';
 720              } else {
 721                  xc.length = d;
 722  
 723                  if (r) {
 724  
 725                      // Rounding up may mean the previous digit has to be rounded up and so on.
 726                      for ( --baseOut; ++xc[--d] > baseOut; ) {
 727                          xc[d] = 0;
 728  
 729                          if ( !d ) {
 730                              ++e;
 731                              xc = [1].concat(xc);
 732                          }
 733                      }
 734                  }
 735  
 736                  // Determine trailing zeros.
 737                  for ( k = xc.length; !xc[--k]; );
 738  
 739                  // E.g. [4, 11, 15] becomes 4bf.
 740                  for ( i = 0, str = ''; i <= k; str += ALPHABET.charAt( xc[i++] ) );
 741                  str = toFixedPoint( str, e );
 742              }
 743  
 744              // The caller will add the sign.
 745              return str;
 746          }
 747  
 748  
 749          // Perform division in the specified base. Called by div and convertBase.
 750          div = (function () {
 751  
 752              // Assume non-zero x and k.
 753              function multiply( x, k, base ) {
 754                  var m, temp, xlo, xhi,
 755                      carry = 0,
 756                      i = x.length,
 757                      klo = k % SQRT_BASE,
 758                      khi = k / SQRT_BASE | 0;
 759  
 760                  for ( x = x.slice(); i--; ) {
 761                      xlo = x[i] % SQRT_BASE;
 762                      xhi = x[i] / SQRT_BASE | 0;
 763                      m = khi * xlo + xhi * klo;
 764                      temp = klo * xlo + ( ( m % SQRT_BASE ) * SQRT_BASE ) + carry;
 765                      carry = ( temp / base | 0 ) + ( m / SQRT_BASE | 0 ) + khi * xhi;
 766                      x[i] = temp % base;
 767                  }
 768  
 769                  if (carry) x = [carry].concat(x);
 770  
 771                  return x;
 772              }
 773  
 774              function compare( a, b, aL, bL ) {
 775                  var i, cmp;
 776  
 777                  if ( aL != bL ) {
 778                      cmp = aL > bL ? 1 : -1;
 779                  } else {
 780  
 781                      for ( i = cmp = 0; i < aL; i++ ) {
 782  
 783                          if ( a[i] != b[i] ) {
 784                              cmp = a[i] > b[i] ? 1 : -1;
 785                              break;
 786                          }
 787                      }
 788                  }
 789                  return cmp;
 790              }
 791  
 792              function subtract( a, b, aL, base ) {
 793                  var i = 0;
 794  
 795                  // Subtract b from a.
 796                  for ( ; aL--; ) {
 797                      a[aL] -= i;
 798                      i = a[aL] < b[aL] ? 1 : 0;
 799                      a[aL] = i * base + a[aL] - b[aL];
 800                  }
 801  
 802                  // Remove leading zeros.
 803                  for ( ; !a[0] && a.length > 1; a.splice(0, 1) );
 804              }
 805  
 806              // x: dividend, y: divisor.
 807              return function ( x, y, dp, rm, base ) {
 808                  var cmp, e, i, more, n, prod, prodL, q, qc, rem, remL, rem0, xi, xL, yc0,
 809                      yL, yz,
 810                      s = x.s == y.s ? 1 : -1,
 811                      xc = x.c,
 812                      yc = y.c;
 813  
 814                  // Either NaN, Infinity or 0?
 815                  if ( !xc || !xc[0] || !yc || !yc[0] ) {
 816  
 817                      return new BigNumber(
 818  
 819                        // Return NaN if either NaN, or both Infinity or 0.
 820                        !x.s || !y.s || ( xc ? yc && xc[0] == yc[0] : !yc ) ? NaN :
 821  
 822                          // Return ±0 if x is ±0 or y is ±Infinity, or return ±Infinity as y is ±0.
 823                          xc && xc[0] == 0 || !yc ? s * 0 : s / 0
 824                      );
 825                  }
 826  
 827                  q = new BigNumber(s);
 828                  qc = q.c = [];
 829                  e = x.e - y.e;
 830                  s = dp + e + 1;
 831  
 832                  if ( !base ) {
 833                      base = BASE;
 834                      e = bitFloor( x.e / LOG_BASE ) - bitFloor( y.e / LOG_BASE );
 835                      s = s / LOG_BASE | 0;
 836                  }
 837  
 838                  // Result exponent may be one less then the current value of e.
 839                  // The coefficients of the BigNumbers from convertBase may have trailing zeros.
 840                  for ( i = 0; yc[i] == ( xc[i] || 0 ); i++ );
 841                  if ( yc[i] > ( xc[i] || 0 ) ) e--;
 842  
 843                  if ( s < 0 ) {
 844                      qc.push(1);
 845                      more = true;
 846                  } else {
 847                      xL = xc.length;
 848                      yL = yc.length;
 849                      i = 0;
 850                      s += 2;
 851  
 852                      // Normalise xc and yc so highest order digit of yc is >= base / 2.
 853  
 854                      n = mathfloor( base / ( yc[0] + 1 ) );
 855  
 856                      // Not necessary, but to handle odd bases where yc[0] == ( base / 2 ) - 1.
 857                      // if ( n > 1 || n++ == 1 && yc[0] < base / 2 ) {
 858                      if ( n > 1 ) {
 859                          yc = multiply( yc, n, base );
 860                          xc = multiply( xc, n, base );
 861                          yL = yc.length;
 862                          xL = xc.length;
 863                      }
 864  
 865                      xi = yL;
 866                      rem = xc.slice( 0, yL );
 867                      remL = rem.length;
 868  
 869                      // Add zeros to make remainder as long as divisor.
 870                      for ( ; remL < yL; rem[remL++] = 0 );
 871                      yz = yc.slice();
 872                      yz = [0].concat(yz);
 873                      yc0 = yc[0];
 874                      if ( yc[1] >= base / 2 ) yc0++;
 875                      // Not necessary, but to prevent trial digit n > base, when using base 3.
 876                      // else if ( base == 3 && yc0 == 1 ) yc0 = 1 + 1e-15;
 877  
 878                      do {
 879                          n = 0;
 880  
 881                          // Compare divisor and remainder.
 882                          cmp = compare( yc, rem, yL, remL );
 883  
 884                          // If divisor < remainder.
 885                          if ( cmp < 0 ) {
 886  
 887                              // Calculate trial digit, n.
 888  
 889                              rem0 = rem[0];
 890                              if ( yL != remL ) rem0 = rem0 * base + ( rem[1] || 0 );
 891  
 892                              // n is how many times the divisor goes into the current remainder.
 893                              n = mathfloor( rem0 / yc0 );
 894  
 895                              //  Algorithm:
 896                              //  1. product = divisor * trial digit (n)
 897                              //  2. if product > remainder: product -= divisor, n--
 898                              //  3. remainder -= product
 899                              //  4. if product was < remainder at 2:
 900                              //    5. compare new remainder and divisor
 901                              //    6. If remainder > divisor: remainder -= divisor, n++
 902  
 903                              if ( n > 1 ) {
 904  
 905                                  // n may be > base only when base is 3.
 906                                  if (n >= base) n = base - 1;
 907  
 908                                  // product = divisor * trial digit.
 909                                  prod = multiply( yc, n, base );
 910                                  prodL = prod.length;
 911                                  remL = rem.length;
 912  
 913                                  // Compare product and remainder.
 914                                  // If product > remainder.
 915                                  // Trial digit n too high.
 916                                  // n is 1 too high about 5% of the time, and is not known to have
 917                                  // ever been more than 1 too high.
 918                                  while ( compare( prod, rem, prodL, remL ) == 1 ) {
 919                                      n--;
 920  
 921                                      // Subtract divisor from product.
 922                                      subtract( prod, yL < prodL ? yz : yc, prodL, base );
 923                                      prodL = prod.length;
 924                                      cmp = 1;
 925                                  }
 926                              } else {
 927  
 928                                  // n is 0 or 1, cmp is -1.
 929                                  // If n is 0, there is no need to compare yc and rem again below,
 930                                  // so change cmp to 1 to avoid it.
 931                                  // If n is 1, leave cmp as -1, so yc and rem are compared again.
 932                                  if ( n == 0 ) {
 933  
 934                                      // divisor < remainder, so n must be at least 1.
 935                                      cmp = n = 1;
 936                                  }
 937  
 938                                  // product = divisor
 939                                  prod = yc.slice();
 940                                  prodL = prod.length;
 941                              }
 942  
 943                              if ( prodL < remL ) prod = [0].concat(prod);
 944  
 945                              // Subtract product from remainder.
 946                              subtract( rem, prod, remL, base );
 947                              remL = rem.length;
 948  
 949                               // If product was < remainder.
 950                              if ( cmp == -1 ) {
 951  
 952                                  // Compare divisor and new remainder.
 953                                  // If divisor < new remainder, subtract divisor from remainder.
 954                                  // Trial digit n too low.
 955                                  // n is 1 too low about 5% of the time, and very rarely 2 too low.
 956                                  while ( compare( yc, rem, yL, remL ) < 1 ) {
 957                                      n++;
 958  
 959                                      // Subtract divisor from remainder.
 960                                      subtract( rem, yL < remL ? yz : yc, remL, base );
 961                                      remL = rem.length;
 962                                  }
 963                              }
 964                          } else if ( cmp === 0 ) {
 965                              n++;
 966                              rem = [0];
 967                          } // else cmp === 1 and n will be 0
 968  
 969                          // Add the next digit, n, to the result array.
 970                          qc[i++] = n;
 971  
 972                          // Update the remainder.
 973                          if ( rem[0] ) {
 974                              rem[remL++] = xc[xi] || 0;
 975                          } else {
 976                              rem = [ xc[xi] ];
 977                              remL = 1;
 978                          }
 979                      } while ( ( xi++ < xL || rem[0] != null ) && s-- );
 980  
 981                      more = rem[0] != null;
 982  
 983                      // Leading zero?
 984                      if ( !qc[0] ) qc.splice(0, 1);
 985                  }
 986  
 987                  if ( base == BASE ) {
 988  
 989                      // To calculate q.e, first get the number of digits of qc[0].
 990                      for ( i = 1, s = qc[0]; s >= 10; s /= 10, i++ );
 991                      round( q, dp + ( q.e = i + e * LOG_BASE - 1 ) + 1, rm, more );
 992  
 993                  // Caller is convertBase.
 994                  } else {
 995                      q.e = e;
 996                      q.r = +more;
 997                  }
 998  
 999                  return q;
1000              };
1001          })();
1002  
1003  
1004          /*
1005           * Return a string representing the value of BigNumber n in fixed-point or exponential
1006           * notation rounded to the specified decimal places or significant digits.
1007           *
1008           * n is a BigNumber.
1009           * i is the index of the last digit required (i.e. the digit that may be rounded up).
1010           * rm is the rounding mode.
1011           * caller is caller id: toExponential 19, toFixed 20, toFormat 21, toPrecision 24.
1012           */
1013          function format( n, i, rm, caller ) {
1014              var c0, e, ne, len, str;
1015  
1016              rm = rm != null && isValidInt( rm, 0, 8, caller, roundingMode )
1017                ? rm | 0 : ROUNDING_MODE;
1018  
1019              if ( !n.c ) return n.toString();
1020              c0 = n.c[0];
1021              ne = n.e;
1022  
1023              if ( i == null ) {
1024                  str = coeffToString( n.c );
1025                  str = caller == 19 || caller == 24 && ne <= TO_EXP_NEG
1026                    ? toExponential( str, ne )
1027                    : toFixedPoint( str, ne );
1028              } else {
1029                  n = round( new BigNumber(n), i, rm );
1030  
1031                  // n.e may have changed if the value was rounded up.
1032                  e = n.e;
1033  
1034                  str = coeffToString( n.c );
1035                  len = str.length;
1036  
1037                  // toPrecision returns exponential notation if the number of significant digits
1038                  // specified is less than the number of digits necessary to represent the integer
1039                  // part of the value in fixed-point notation.
1040  
1041                  // Exponential notation.
1042                  if ( caller == 19 || caller == 24 && ( i <= e || e <= TO_EXP_NEG ) ) {
1043  
1044                      // Append zeros?
1045                      for ( ; len < i; str += '0', len++ );
1046                      str = toExponential( str, e );
1047  
1048                  // Fixed-point notation.
1049                  } else {
1050                      i -= ne;
1051                      str = toFixedPoint( str, e );
1052  
1053                      // Append zeros?
1054                      if ( e + 1 > len ) {
1055                          if ( --i > 0 ) for ( str += '.'; i--; str += '0' );
1056                      } else {
1057                          i += e - len;
1058                          if ( i > 0 ) {
1059                              if ( e + 1 == len ) str += '.';
1060                              for ( ; i--; str += '0' );
1061                          }
1062                      }
1063                  }
1064              }
1065  
1066              return n.s < 0 && c0 ? '-' + str : str;
1067          }
1068  
1069  
1070          // Handle BigNumber.max and BigNumber.min.
1071          function maxOrMin( args, method ) {
1072              var m, n,
1073                  i = 0;
1074  
1075              if ( isArray( args[0] ) ) args = args[0];
1076              m = new BigNumber( args[0] );
1077  
1078              for ( ; ++i < args.length; ) {
1079                  n = new BigNumber( args[i] );
1080  
1081                  // If any number is NaN, return NaN.
1082                  if ( !n.s ) {
1083                      m = n;
1084                      break;
1085                  } else if ( method.call( m, n ) ) {
1086                      m = n;
1087                  }
1088              }
1089  
1090              return m;
1091          }
1092  
1093  
1094          /*
1095           * Return true if n is an integer in range, otherwise throw.
1096           * Use for argument validation when ERRORS is true.
1097           */
1098          function intValidatorWithErrors( n, min, max, caller, name ) {
1099              if ( n < min || n > max || n != truncate(n) ) {
1100                  raise( caller, ( name || 'decimal places' ) +
1101                    ( n < min || n > max ? ' out of range' : ' not an integer' ), n );
1102              }
1103  
1104              return true;
1105          }
1106  
1107  
1108          /*
1109           * Strip trailing zeros, calculate base 10 exponent and check against MIN_EXP and MAX_EXP.
1110           * Called by minus, plus and times.
1111           */
1112          function normalise( n, c, e ) {
1113              var i = 1,
1114                  j = c.length;
1115  
1116               // Remove trailing zeros.
1117              for ( ; !c[--j]; c.pop() );
1118  
1119              // Calculate the base 10 exponent. First get the number of digits of c[0].
1120              for ( j = c[0]; j >= 10; j /= 10, i++ );
1121  
1122              // Overflow?
1123              if ( ( e = i + e * LOG_BASE - 1 ) > MAX_EXP ) {
1124  
1125                  // Infinity.
1126                  n.c = n.e = null;
1127  
1128              // Underflow?
1129              } else if ( e < MIN_EXP ) {
1130  
1131                  // Zero.
1132                  n.c = [ n.e = 0 ];
1133              } else {
1134                  n.e = e;
1135                  n.c = c;
1136              }
1137  
1138              return n;
1139          }
1140  
1141  
1142          // Handle values that fail the validity test in BigNumber.
1143          parseNumeric = (function () {
1144              var basePrefix = /^((-?)0([xbo]))(\w[\w.]*)$/i,
1145                  dotAfter = /^([^.]+)\.$/,
1146                  dotBefore = /^\.([^.]+)$/,
1147                  isInfinityOrNaN = /^-?(Infinity|NaN)$/,
1148                  whitespaceOrPlus = /^\s*\+([\w.])|^\s+|\s+$/g;
1149  
1150              return function ( x, str, num, b ) {
1151                  var base,
1152                      s = num ? str : str.replace(whitespaceOrPlus, function (m, p1) {
1153                          return m.indexOf('+') > -1 && p1 !== '' ? p1 : '';
1154                      });
1155  
1156                  // No exception on ±Infinity or NaN.
1157                  if ( isInfinityOrNaN.test(s) ) {
1158                      x.s = isNaN(s) ? null : s < 0 ? -1 : 1;
1159                  } else {
1160                      if ( !num ) {
1161  
1162                          // basePrefix = /^((-?)0([xbo]))(\w[\w.]*)$/i
1163                          s = s.replace( basePrefix, function ( s, m, p1, p2, p3 ) {
1164                              base = ( p2 = p2.toLowerCase() ) == 'x' ? 16 : p2 == 'b' ? 2 : 8;
1165                              return (!b || b == base ? p1 : m) + p3;
1166                          });
1167  
1168                          if (b) {
1169                              base = b;
1170  
1171                              // E.g. '1.' to '1', '.1' to '0.1'
1172                              s = s.replace( dotAfter, '$1' ).replace( dotBefore, '0.$1' );
1173                          }
1174  
1175                          if ( str != s ) return new BigNumber( s, base );
1176                      }
1177  
1178                      // 'new BigNumber() not a number: {n}'
1179                      // 'new BigNumber() not a base {b} number: {n}'
1180                      if (ERRORS) raise( id, 'not a' + ( b ? ' base ' + b : '' ) + ' number', str );
1181                      x.s = null;
1182                  }
1183  
1184                  x.c = x.e = null;
1185                  id = 0;
1186              }
1187          })();
1188  
1189  
1190          // Throw a BigNumber Error.
1191          function raise( caller, msg, val ) {
1192              var error = new Error( [
1193                  'new BigNumber',     // 0
1194                  'cmp',               // 1
1195                  'config',            // 2
1196                  'div',               // 3
1197                  'divToInt',          // 4
1198                  'eq',                // 5
1199                  'gt',                // 6
1200                  'gte',               // 7
1201                  'lt',                // 8
1202                  'lte',               // 9
1203                  'minus',             // 10
1204                  'mod',               // 11
1205                  'plus',              // 12
1206                  'precision',         // 13
1207                  'random',            // 14
1208                  'round',             // 15
1209                  'shift',             // 16
1210                  'times',             // 17
1211                  'toDigits',          // 18
1212                  'toExponential',     // 19
1213                  'toFixed',           // 20
1214                  'toFormat',          // 21
1215                  'toFraction',        // 22
1216                  'pow',               // 23
1217                  'toPrecision',       // 24
1218                  'toString',          // 25
1219                  'BigNumber'          // 26
1220              ][caller] + '() ' + msg + ': ' + val );
1221  
1222              error.name = 'BigNumber Error';
1223              id = 0;
1224              throw error;
1225          }
1226  
1227  
1228          /*
1229           * Round x to sd significant digits using rounding mode rm. Check for over/under-flow.
1230           * If r is truthy, it is known that there are more digits after the rounding digit.
1231           */
1232          function round( x, sd, rm, r ) {
1233              var d, i, j, k, n, ni, rd,
1234                  xc = x.c,
1235                  pows10 = POWS_TEN;
1236  
1237              // if x is not Infinity or NaN...
1238              if (xc) {
1239  
1240                  // rd is the rounding digit, i.e. the digit after the digit that may be rounded up.
1241                  // n is a base 1e14 number, the value of the element of array x.c containing rd.
1242                  // ni is the index of n within x.c.
1243                  // d is the number of digits of n.
1244                  // i is the index of rd within n including leading zeros.
1245                  // j is the actual index of rd within n (if < 0, rd is a leading zero).
1246                  out: {
1247  
1248                      // Get the number of digits of the first element of xc.
1249                      for ( d = 1, k = xc[0]; k >= 10; k /= 10, d++ );
1250                      i = sd - d;
1251  
1252                      // If the rounding digit is in the first element of xc...
1253                      if ( i < 0 ) {
1254                          i += LOG_BASE;
1255                          j = sd;
1256                          n = xc[ ni = 0 ];
1257  
1258                          // Get the rounding digit at index j of n.
1259                          rd = n / pows10[ d - j - 1 ] % 10 | 0;
1260                      } else {
1261                          ni = mathceil( ( i + 1 ) / LOG_BASE );
1262  
1263                          if ( ni >= xc.length ) {
1264  
1265                              if (r) {
1266  
1267                                  // Needed by sqrt.
1268                                  for ( ; xc.length <= ni; xc.push(0) );
1269                                  n = rd = 0;
1270                                  d = 1;
1271                                  i %= LOG_BASE;
1272                                  j = i - LOG_BASE + 1;
1273                              } else {
1274                                  break out;
1275                              }
1276                          } else {
1277                              n = k = xc[ni];
1278  
1279                              // Get the number of digits of n.
1280                              for ( d = 1; k >= 10; k /= 10, d++ );
1281  
1282                              // Get the index of rd within n.
1283                              i %= LOG_BASE;
1284  
1285                              // Get the index of rd within n, adjusted for leading zeros.
1286                              // The number of leading zeros of n is given by LOG_BASE - d.
1287                              j = i - LOG_BASE + d;
1288  
1289                              // Get the rounding digit at index j of n.
1290                              rd = j < 0 ? 0 : n / pows10[ d - j - 1 ] % 10 | 0;
1291                          }
1292                      }
1293  
1294                      r = r || sd < 0 ||
1295  
1296                      // Are there any non-zero digits after the rounding digit?
1297                      // The expression  n % pows10[ d - j - 1 ]  returns all digits of n to the right
1298                      // of the digit at j, e.g. if n is 908714 and j is 2, the expression gives 714.
1299                        xc[ni + 1] != null || ( j < 0 ? n : n % pows10[ d - j - 1 ] );
1300  
1301                      r = rm < 4
1302                        ? ( rd || r ) && ( rm == 0 || rm == ( x.s < 0 ? 3 : 2 ) )
1303                        : rd > 5 || rd == 5 && ( rm == 4 || r || rm == 6 &&
1304  
1305                          // Check whether the digit to the left of the rounding digit is odd.
1306                          ( ( i > 0 ? j > 0 ? n / pows10[ d - j ] : 0 : xc[ni - 1] ) % 10 ) & 1 ||
1307                            rm == ( x.s < 0 ? 8 : 7 ) );
1308  
1309                      if ( sd < 1 || !xc[0] ) {
1310                          xc.length = 0;
1311  
1312                          if (r) {
1313  
1314                              // Convert sd to decimal places.
1315                              sd -= x.e + 1;
1316  
1317                              // 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001 etc.
1318                              xc[0] = pows10[ ( LOG_BASE - sd % LOG_BASE ) % LOG_BASE ];
1319                              x.e = -sd || 0;
1320                          } else {
1321  
1322                              // Zero.
1323                              xc[0] = x.e = 0;
1324                          }
1325  
1326                          return x;
1327                      }
1328  
1329                      // Remove excess digits.
1330                      if ( i == 0 ) {
1331                          xc.length = ni;
1332                          k = 1;
1333                          ni--;
1334                      } else {
1335                          xc.length = ni + 1;
1336                          k = pows10[ LOG_BASE - i ];
1337  
1338                          // E.g. 56700 becomes 56000 if 7 is the rounding digit.
1339                          // j > 0 means i > number of leading zeros of n.
1340                          xc[ni] = j > 0 ? mathfloor( n / pows10[ d - j ] % pows10[j] ) * k : 0;
1341                      }
1342  
1343                      // Round up?
1344                      if (r) {
1345  
1346                          for ( ; ; ) {
1347  
1348                              // If the digit to be rounded up is in the first element of xc...
1349                              if ( ni == 0 ) {
1350  
1351                                  // i will be the length of xc[0] before k is added.
1352                                  for ( i = 1, j = xc[0]; j >= 10; j /= 10, i++ );
1353                                  j = xc[0] += k;
1354                                  for ( k = 1; j >= 10; j /= 10, k++ );
1355  
1356                                  // if i != k the length has increased.
1357                                  if ( i != k ) {
1358                                      x.e++;
1359                                      if ( xc[0] == BASE ) xc[0] = 1;
1360                                  }
1361  
1362                                  break;
1363                              } else {
1364                                  xc[ni] += k;
1365                                  if ( xc[ni] != BASE ) break;
1366                                  xc[ni--] = 0;
1367                                  k = 1;
1368                              }
1369                          }
1370                      }
1371  
1372                      // Remove trailing zeros.
1373                      for ( i = xc.length; xc[--i] === 0; xc.pop() );
1374                  }
1375  
1376                  // Overflow? Infinity.
1377                  if ( x.e > MAX_EXP ) {
1378                      x.c = x.e = null;
1379  
1380                  // Underflow? Zero.
1381                  } else if ( x.e < MIN_EXP ) {
1382                      x.c = [ x.e = 0 ];
1383                  }
1384              }
1385  
1386              return x;
1387          }
1388  
1389  
1390          // PROTOTYPE/INSTANCE METHODS
1391  
1392  
1393          /*
1394           * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the absolute value of this BigNumber.
1395           */
1396          P.absoluteValue = P.abs = function () {
1397              var x = new BigNumber(this);
1398              if ( x.s < 0 ) x.s = 1;
1399              return x;
1400          };
1401  
1402  
1403          /*
1404           * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber rounded to a whole
1405           * number in the direction of Infinity.
1406           */
1407          P.ceil = function () {
1408              return round( new BigNumber(this), this.e + 1, 2 );
1409          };
1410  
1411  
1412          /*
1413           * Return
1414           * 1 if the value of this BigNumber is greater than the value of BigNumber(y, b),
1415           * -1 if the value of this BigNumber is less than the value of BigNumber(y, b),
1416           * 0 if they have the same value,
1417           * or null if the value of either is NaN.
1418           */
1419          P.comparedTo = P.cmp = function ( y, b ) {
1420              id = 1;
1421              return compare( this, new BigNumber( y, b ) );
1422          };
1423  
1424  
1425          /*
1426           * Return the number of decimal places of the value of this BigNumber, or null if the value
1427           * of this BigNumber is ±Infinity or NaN.
1428           */
1429          P.decimalPlaces = P.dp = function () {
1430              var n, v,
1431                  c = this.c;
1432  
1433              if ( !c ) return null;
1434              n = ( ( v = c.length - 1 ) - bitFloor( this.e / LOG_BASE ) ) * LOG_BASE;
1435  
1436              // Subtract the number of trailing zeros of the last number.
1437              if ( v = c[v] ) for ( ; v % 10 == 0; v /= 10, n-- );
1438              if ( n < 0 ) n = 0;
1439  
1440              return n;
1441          };
1442  
1443  
1444          /*
1445           *  n / 0 = I
1446           *  n / N = N
1447           *  n / I = 0
1448           *  0 / n = 0
1449           *  0 / 0 = N
1450           *  0 / N = N
1451           *  0 / I = 0
1452           *  N / n = N
1453           *  N / 0 = N
1454           *  N / N = N
1455           *  N / I = N
1456           *  I / n = I
1457           *  I / 0 = I
1458           *  I / N = N
1459           *  I / I = N
1460           *
1461           * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber divided by the value of
1462           * BigNumber(y, b), rounded according to DECIMAL_PLACES and ROUNDING_MODE.
1463           */
1464          P.dividedBy = P.div = function ( y, b ) {
1465              id = 3;
1466              return div( this, new BigNumber( y, b ), DECIMAL_PLACES, ROUNDING_MODE );
1467          };
1468  
1469  
1470          /*
1471           * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the integer part of dividing the value of this
1472           * BigNumber by the value of BigNumber(y, b).
1473           */
1474          P.dividedToIntegerBy = P.divToInt = function ( y, b ) {
1475              id = 4;
1476              return div( this, new BigNumber( y, b ), 0, 1 );
1477          };
1478  
1479  
1480          /*
1481           * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is equal to the value of BigNumber(y, b),
1482           * otherwise returns false.
1483           */
1484          P.equals = P.eq = function ( y, b ) {
1485              id = 5;
1486              return compare( this, new BigNumber( y, b ) ) === 0;
1487          };
1488  
1489  
1490          /*
1491           * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber rounded to a whole
1492           * number in the direction of -Infinity.
1493           */
1494          P.floor = function () {
1495              return round( new BigNumber(this), this.e + 1, 3 );
1496          };
1497  
1498  
1499          /*
1500           * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is greater than the value of BigNumber(y, b),
1501           * otherwise returns false.
1502           */
1503          P.greaterThan = P.gt = function ( y, b ) {
1504              id = 6;
1505              return compare( this, new BigNumber( y, b ) ) > 0;
1506          };
1507  
1508  
1509          /*
1510           * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is greater than or equal to the value of
1511           * BigNumber(y, b), otherwise returns false.
1512           */
1513          P.greaterThanOrEqualTo = P.gte = function ( y, b ) {
1514              id = 7;
1515              return ( b = compare( this, new BigNumber( y, b ) ) ) === 1 || b === 0;
1516  
1517          };
1518  
1519  
1520          /*
1521           * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is a finite number, otherwise returns false.
1522           */
1523          P.isFinite = function () {
1524              return !!this.c;
1525          };
1526  
1527  
1528          /*
1529           * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is an integer, otherwise return false.
1530           */
1531          P.isInteger = P.isInt = function () {
1532              return !!this.c && bitFloor( this.e / LOG_BASE ) > this.c.length - 2;
1533          };
1534  
1535  
1536          /*
1537           * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is NaN, otherwise returns false.
1538           */
1539          P.isNaN = function () {
1540              return !this.s;
1541          };
1542  
1543  
1544          /*
1545           * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is negative, otherwise returns false.
1546           */
1547          P.isNegative = P.isNeg = function () {
1548              return this.s < 0;
1549          };
1550  
1551  
1552          /*
1553           * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is 0 or -0, otherwise returns false.
1554           */
1555          P.isZero = function () {
1556              return !!this.c && this.c[0] == 0;
1557          };
1558  
1559  
1560          /*
1561           * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is less than the value of BigNumber(y, b),
1562           * otherwise returns false.
1563           */
1564          P.lessThan = P.lt = function ( y, b ) {
1565              id = 8;
1566              return compare( this, new BigNumber( y, b ) ) < 0;
1567          };
1568  
1569  
1570          /*
1571           * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is less than or equal to the value of
1572           * BigNumber(y, b), otherwise returns false.
1573           */
1574          P.lessThanOrEqualTo = P.lte = function ( y, b ) {
1575              id = 9;
1576              return ( b = compare( this, new BigNumber( y, b ) ) ) === -1 || b === 0;
1577          };
1578  
1579  
1580          /*
1581           *  n - 0 = n
1582           *  n - N = N
1583           *  n - I = -I
1584           *  0 - n = -n
1585           *  0 - 0 = 0
1586           *  0 - N = N
1587           *  0 - I = -I
1588           *  N - n = N
1589           *  N - 0 = N
1590           *  N - N = N
1591           *  N - I = N
1592           *  I - n = I
1593           *  I - 0 = I
1594           *  I - N = N
1595           *  I - I = N
1596           *
1597           * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber minus the value of
1598           * BigNumber(y, b).
1599           */
1600          P.minus = P.sub = function ( y, b ) {
1601              var i, j, t, xLTy,
1602                  x = this,
1603                  a = x.s;
1604  
1605              id = 10;
1606              y = new BigNumber( y, b );
1607              b = y.s;
1608  
1609              // Either NaN?
1610              if ( !a || !b ) return new BigNumber(NaN);
1611  
1612              // Signs differ?
1613              if ( a != b ) {
1614                  y.s = -b;
1615                  return x.plus(y);
1616              }
1617  
1618              var xe = x.e / LOG_BASE,
1619                  ye = y.e / LOG_BASE,
1620                  xc = x.c,
1621                  yc = y.c;
1622  
1623              if ( !xe || !ye ) {
1624  
1625                  // Either Infinity?
1626                  if ( !xc || !yc ) return xc ? ( y.s = -b, y ) : new BigNumber( yc ? x : NaN );
1627  
1628                  // Either zero?
1629                  if ( !xc[0] || !yc[0] ) {
1630  
1631                      // Return y if y is non-zero, x if x is non-zero, or zero if both are zero.
1632                      return yc[0] ? ( y.s = -b, y ) : new BigNumber( xc[0] ? x :
1633  
1634                        // IEEE 754 (2008) 6.3: n - n = -0 when rounding to -Infinity
1635                        ROUNDING_MODE == 3 ? -0 : 0 );
1636                  }
1637              }
1638  
1639              xe = bitFloor(xe);
1640              ye = bitFloor(ye);
1641              xc = xc.slice();
1642  
1643              // Determine which is the bigger number.
1644              if ( a = xe - ye ) {
1645  
1646                  if ( xLTy = a < 0 ) {
1647                      a = -a;
1648                      t = xc;
1649                  } else {
1650                      ye = xe;
1651                      t = yc;
1652                  }
1653  
1654                  t.reverse();
1655  
1656                  // Prepend zeros to equalise exponents.
1657                  for ( b = a; b--; t.push(0) );
1658                  t.reverse();
1659              } else {
1660  
1661                  // Exponents equal. Check digit by digit.
1662                  j = ( xLTy = ( a = xc.length ) < ( b = yc.length ) ) ? a : b;
1663  
1664                  for ( a = b = 0; b < j; b++ ) {
1665  
1666                      if ( xc[b] != yc[b] ) {
1667                          xLTy = xc[b] < yc[b];
1668                          break;
1669                      }
1670                  }
1671              }
1672  
1673              // x < y? Point xc to the array of the bigger number.
1674              if (xLTy) t = xc, xc = yc, yc = t, y.s = -y.s;
1675  
1676              b = ( j = yc.length ) - ( i = xc.length );
1677  
1678              // Append zeros to xc if shorter.
1679              // No need to add zeros to yc if shorter as subtract only needs to start at yc.length.
1680              if ( b > 0 ) for ( ; b--; xc[i++] = 0 );
1681              b = BASE - 1;
1682  
1683              // Subtract yc from xc.
1684              for ( ; j > a; ) {
1685  
1686                  if ( xc[--j] < yc[j] ) {
1687                      for ( i = j; i && !xc[--i]; xc[i] = b );
1688                      --xc[i];
1689                      xc[j] += BASE;
1690                  }
1691  
1692                  xc[j] -= yc[j];
1693              }
1694  
1695              // Remove leading zeros and adjust exponent accordingly.
1696              for ( ; xc[0] == 0; xc.splice(0, 1), --ye );
1697  
1698              // Zero?
1699              if ( !xc[0] ) {
1700  
1701                  // Following IEEE 754 (2008) 6.3,
1702                  // n - n = +0  but  n - n = -0  when rounding towards -Infinity.
1703                  y.s = ROUNDING_MODE == 3 ? -1 : 1;
1704                  y.c = [ y.e = 0 ];
1705                  return y;
1706              }
1707  
1708              // No need to check for Infinity as +x - +y != Infinity && -x - -y != Infinity
1709              // for finite x and y.
1710              return normalise( y, xc, ye );
1711          };
1712  
1713  
1714          /*
1715           *   n % 0 =  N
1716           *   n % N =  N
1717           *   n % I =  n
1718           *   0 % n =  0
1719           *  -0 % n = -0
1720           *   0 % 0 =  N
1721           *   0 % N =  N
1722           *   0 % I =  0
1723           *   N % n =  N
1724           *   N % 0 =  N
1725           *   N % N =  N
1726           *   N % I =  N
1727           *   I % n =  N
1728           *   I % 0 =  N
1729           *   I % N =  N
1730           *   I % I =  N
1731           *
1732           * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber modulo the value of
1733           * BigNumber(y, b). The result depends on the value of MODULO_MODE.
1734           */
1735          P.modulo = P.mod = function ( y, b ) {
1736              var q, s,
1737                  x = this;
1738  
1739              id = 11;
1740              y = new BigNumber( y, b );
1741  
1742              // Return NaN if x is Infinity or NaN, or y is NaN or zero.
1743              if ( !x.c || !y.s || y.c && !y.c[0] ) {
1744                  return new BigNumber(NaN);
1745  
1746              // Return x if y is Infinity or x is zero.
1747              } else if ( !y.c || x.c && !x.c[0] ) {
1748                  return new BigNumber(x);
1749              }
1750  
1751              if ( MODULO_MODE == 9 ) {
1752  
1753                  // Euclidian division: q = sign(y) * floor(x / abs(y))
1754                  // r = x - qy    where  0 <= r < abs(y)
1755                  s = y.s;
1756                  y.s = 1;
1757                  q = div( x, y, 0, 3 );
1758                  y.s = s;
1759                  q.s *= s;
1760              } else {
1761                  q = div( x, y, 0, MODULO_MODE );
1762              }
1763  
1764              return x.minus( q.times(y) );
1765          };
1766  
1767  
1768          /*
1769           * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber negated,
1770           * i.e. multiplied by -1.
1771           */
1772          P.negated = P.neg = function () {
1773              var x = new BigNumber(this);
1774              x.s = -x.s || null;
1775              return x;
1776          };
1777  
1778  
1779          /*
1780           *  n + 0 = n
1781           *  n + N = N
1782           *  n + I = I
1783           *  0 + n = n
1784           *  0 + 0 = 0
1785           *  0 + N = N
1786           *  0 + I = I
1787           *  N + n = N
1788           *  N + 0 = N
1789           *  N + N = N
1790           *  N + I = N
1791           *  I + n = I
1792           *  I + 0 = I
1793           *  I + N = N
1794           *  I + I = I
1795           *
1796           * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber plus the value of
1797           * BigNumber(y, b).
1798           */
1799          P.plus = P.add = function ( y, b ) {
1800              var t,
1801                  x = this,
1802                  a = x.s;
1803  
1804              id = 12;
1805              y = new BigNumber( y, b );
1806              b = y.s;
1807  
1808              // Either NaN?
1809              if ( !a || !b ) return new BigNumber(NaN);
1810  
1811              // Signs differ?
1812               if ( a != b ) {
1813                  y.s = -b;
1814                  return x.minus(y);
1815              }
1816  
1817              var xe = x.e / LOG_BASE,
1818                  ye = y.e / LOG_BASE,
1819                  xc = x.c,
1820                  yc = y.c;
1821  
1822              if ( !xe || !ye ) {
1823  
1824                  // Return ±Infinity if either ±Infinity.
1825                  if ( !xc || !yc ) return new BigNumber( a / 0 );
1826  
1827                  // Either zero?
1828                  // Return y if y is non-zero, x if x is non-zero, or zero if both are zero.
1829                  if ( !xc[0] || !yc[0] ) return yc[0] ? y : new BigNumber( xc[0] ? x : a * 0 );
1830              }
1831  
1832              xe = bitFloor(xe);
1833              ye = bitFloor(ye);
1834              xc = xc.slice();
1835  
1836              // Prepend zeros to equalise exponents. Faster to use reverse then do unshifts.
1837              if ( a = xe - ye ) {
1838                  if ( a > 0 ) {
1839                      ye = xe;
1840                      t = yc;
1841                  } else {
1842                      a = -a;
1843                      t = xc;
1844                  }
1845  
1846                  t.reverse();
1847                  for ( ; a--; t.push(0) );
1848                  t.reverse();
1849              }
1850  
1851              a = xc.length;
1852              b = yc.length;
1853  
1854              // Point xc to the longer array, and b to the shorter length.
1855              if ( a - b < 0 ) t = yc, yc = xc, xc = t, b = a;
1856  
1857              // Only start adding at yc.length - 1 as the further digits of xc can be ignored.
1858              for ( a = 0; b; ) {
1859                  a = ( xc[--b] = xc[b] + yc[b] + a ) / BASE | 0;
1860                  xc[b] = BASE === xc[b] ? 0 : xc[b] % BASE;
1861              }
1862  
1863              if (a) {
1864                  xc = [a].concat(xc);
1865                  ++ye;
1866              }
1867  
1868              // No need to check for zero, as +x + +y != 0 && -x + -y != 0
1869              // ye = MAX_EXP + 1 possible
1870              return normalise( y, xc, ye );
1871          };
1872  
1873  
1874          /*
1875           * Return the number of significant digits of the value of this BigNumber.
1876           *
1877           * [z] {boolean|number} Whether to count integer-part trailing zeros: true, false, 1 or 0.
1878           */
1879          P.precision = P.sd = function (z) {
1880              var n, v,
1881                  x = this,
1882                  c = x.c;
1883  
1884              // 'precision() argument not a boolean or binary digit: {z}'
1885              if ( z != null && z !== !!z && z !== 1 && z !== 0 ) {
1886                  if (ERRORS) raise( 13, 'argument' + notBool, z );
1887                  if ( z != !!z ) z = null;
1888              }
1889  
1890              if ( !c ) return null;
1891              v = c.length - 1;
1892              n = v * LOG_BASE + 1;
1893  
1894              if ( v = c[v] ) {
1895  
1896                  // Subtract the number of trailing zeros of the last element.
1897                  for ( ; v % 10 == 0; v /= 10, n-- );
1898  
1899                  // Add the number of digits of the first element.
1900                  for ( v = c[0]; v >= 10; v /= 10, n++ );
1901              }
1902  
1903              if ( z && x.e + 1 > n ) n = x.e + 1;
1904  
1905              return n;
1906          };
1907  
1908  
1909          /*
1910           * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber rounded to a maximum of
1911           * dp decimal places using rounding mode rm, or to 0 and ROUNDING_MODE respectively if
1912           * omitted.
1913           *
1914           * [dp] {number} Decimal places. Integer, 0 to MAX inclusive.
1915           * [rm] {number} Rounding mode. Integer, 0 to 8 inclusive.
1916           *
1917           * 'round() decimal places out of range: {dp}'
1918           * 'round() decimal places not an integer: {dp}'
1919           * 'round() rounding mode not an integer: {rm}'
1920           * 'round() rounding mode out of range: {rm}'
1921           */
1922          P.round = function ( dp, rm ) {
1923              var n = new BigNumber(this);
1924  
1925              if ( dp == null || isValidInt( dp, 0, MAX, 15 ) ) {
1926                  round( n, ~~dp + this.e + 1, rm == null ||
1927                    !isValidInt( rm, 0, 8, 15, roundingMode ) ? ROUNDING_MODE : rm | 0 );
1928              }
1929  
1930              return n;
1931          };
1932  
1933  
1934          /*
1935           * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber shifted by k places
1936           * (powers of 10). Shift to the right if n > 0, and to the left if n < 0.
1937           *
1938           * k {number} Integer, -MAX_SAFE_INTEGER to MAX_SAFE_INTEGER inclusive.
1939           *
1940           * If k is out of range and ERRORS is false, the result will be ±0 if k < 0, or ±Infinity
1941           * otherwise.
1942           *
1943           * 'shift() argument not an integer: {k}'
1944           * 'shift() argument out of range: {k}'
1945           */
1946          P.shift = function (k) {
1947              var n = this;
1948              return isValidInt( k, -MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, 16, 'argument' )
1949  
1950                // k < 1e+21, or truncate(k) will produce exponential notation.
1951                ? n.times( '1e' + truncate(k) )
1952                : new BigNumber( n.c && n.c[0] && ( k < -MAX_SAFE_INTEGER || k > MAX_SAFE_INTEGER )
1953                  ? n.s * ( k < 0 ? 0 : 1 / 0 )
1954                  : n );
1955          };
1956  
1957  
1958          /*
1959           *  sqrt(-n) =  N
1960           *  sqrt( N) =  N
1961           *  sqrt(-I) =  N
1962           *  sqrt( I) =  I
1963           *  sqrt( 0) =  0
1964           *  sqrt(-0) = -0
1965           *
1966           * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the square root of the value of this BigNumber,
1967           * rounded according to DECIMAL_PLACES and ROUNDING_MODE.
1968           */
1969          P.squareRoot = P.sqrt = function () {
1970              var m, n, r, rep, t,
1971                  x = this,
1972                  c = x.c,
1973                  s = x.s,
1974                  e = x.e,
1975                  dp = DECIMAL_PLACES + 4,
1976                  half = new BigNumber('0.5');
1977  
1978              // Negative/NaN/Infinity/zero?
1979              if ( s !== 1 || !c || !c[0] ) {
1980                  return new BigNumber( !s || s < 0 && ( !c || c[0] ) ? NaN : c ? x : 1 / 0 );
1981              }
1982  
1983              // Initial estimate.
1984              s = Math.sqrt( +x );
1985  
1986              // Math.sqrt underflow/overflow?
1987              // Pass x to Math.sqrt as integer, then adjust the exponent of the result.
1988              if ( s == 0 || s == 1 / 0 ) {
1989                  n = coeffToString(c);
1990                  if ( ( n.length + e ) % 2 == 0 ) n += '0';
1991                  s = Math.sqrt(n);
1992                  e = bitFloor( ( e + 1 ) / 2 ) - ( e < 0 || e % 2 );
1993  
1994                  if ( s == 1 / 0 ) {
1995                      n = '1e' + e;
1996                  } else {
1997                      n = s.toExponential();
1998                      n = n.slice( 0, n.indexOf('e') + 1 ) + e;
1999                  }
2000  
2001                  r = new BigNumber(n);
2002              } else {
2003                  r = new BigNumber( s + '' );
2004              }
2005  
2006              // Check for zero.
2007              // r could be zero if MIN_EXP is changed after the this value was created.
2008              // This would cause a division by zero (x/t) and hence Infinity below, which would cause
2009              // coeffToString to throw.
2010              if ( r.c[0] ) {
2011                  e = r.e;
2012                  s = e + dp;
2013                  if ( s < 3 ) s = 0;
2014  
2015                  // Newton-Raphson iteration.
2016                  for ( ; ; ) {
2017                      t = r;
2018                      r = half.times( t.plus( div( x, t, dp, 1 ) ) );
2019  
2020                      if ( coeffToString( t.c   ).slice( 0, s ) === ( n =
2021                           coeffToString( r.c ) ).slice( 0, s ) ) {
2022  
2023                          // The exponent of r may here be one less than the final result exponent,
2024                          // e.g 0.0009999 (e-4) --> 0.001 (e-3), so adjust s so the rounding digits
2025                          // are indexed correctly.
2026                          if ( r.e < e ) --s;
2027                          n = n.slice( s - 3, s + 1 );
2028  
2029                          // The 4th rounding digit may be in error by -1 so if the 4 rounding digits
2030                          // are 9999 or 4999 (i.e. approaching a rounding boundary) continue the
2031                          // iteration.
2032                          if ( n == '9999' || !rep && n == '4999' ) {
2033  
2034                              // On the first iteration only, check to see if rounding up gives the
2035                              // exact result as the nines may infinitely repeat.
2036                              if ( !rep ) {
2037                                  round( t, t.e + DECIMAL_PLACES + 2, 0 );
2038  
2039                                  if ( t.times(t).eq(x) ) {
2040                                      r = t;
2041                                      break;
2042                                  }
2043                              }
2044  
2045                              dp += 4;
2046                              s += 4;
2047                              rep = 1;
2048                          } else {
2049  
2050                              // If rounding digits are null, 0{0,4} or 50{0,3}, check for exact
2051                              // result. If not, then there are further digits and m will be truthy.
2052                              if ( !+n || !+n.slice(1) && n.charAt(0) == '5' ) {
2053  
2054                                  // Truncate to the first rounding digit.
2055                                  round( r, r.e + DECIMAL_PLACES + 2, 1 );
2056                                  m = !r.times(r).eq(x);
2057                              }
2058  
2059                              break;
2060                          }
2061                      }
2062                  }
2063              }
2064  
2065              return round( r, r.e + DECIMAL_PLACES + 1, ROUNDING_MODE, m );
2066          };
2067  
2068  
2069          /*
2070           *  n * 0 = 0
2071           *  n * N = N
2072           *  n * I = I
2073           *  0 * n = 0
2074           *  0 * 0 = 0
2075           *  0 * N = N
2076           *  0 * I = N
2077           *  N * n = N
2078           *  N * 0 = N
2079           *  N * N = N
2080           *  N * I = N
2081           *  I * n = I
2082           *  I * 0 = N
2083           *  I * N = N
2084           *  I * I = I
2085           *
2086           * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber times the value of
2087           * BigNumber(y, b).
2088           */
2089          P.times = P.mul = function ( y, b ) {
2090              var c, e, i, j, k, m, xcL, xlo, xhi, ycL, ylo, yhi, zc,
2091                  base, sqrtBase,
2092                  x = this,
2093                  xc = x.c,
2094                  yc = ( id = 17, y = new BigNumber( y, b ) ).c;
2095  
2096              // Either NaN, ±Infinity or ±0?
2097              if ( !xc || !yc || !xc[0] || !yc[0] ) {
2098  
2099                  // Return NaN if either is NaN, or one is 0 and the other is Infinity.
2100                  if ( !x.s || !y.s || xc && !xc[0] && !yc || yc && !yc[0] && !xc ) {
2101                      y.c = y.e = y.s = null;
2102                  } else {
2103                      y.s *= x.s;
2104  
2105                      // Return ±Infinity if either is ±Infinity.
2106                      if ( !xc || !yc ) {
2107                          y.c = y.e = null;
2108  
2109                      // Return ±0 if either is ±0.
2110                      } else {
2111                          y.c = [0];
2112                          y.e = 0;
2113                      }
2114                  }
2115  
2116                  return y;
2117              }
2118  
2119              e = bitFloor( x.e / LOG_BASE ) + bitFloor( y.e / LOG_BASE );
2120              y.s *= x.s;
2121              xcL = xc.length;
2122              ycL = yc.length;
2123  
2124              // Ensure xc points to longer array and xcL to its length.
2125              if ( xcL < ycL ) zc = xc, xc = yc, yc = zc, i = xcL, xcL = ycL, ycL = i;
2126  
2127              // Initialise the result array with zeros.
2128              for ( i = xcL + ycL, zc = []; i--; zc.push(0) );
2129  
2130              base = BASE;
2131              sqrtBase = SQRT_BASE;
2132  
2133              for ( i = ycL; --i >= 0; ) {
2134                  c = 0;
2135                  ylo = yc[i] % sqrtBase;
2136                  yhi = yc[i] / sqrtBase | 0;
2137  
2138                  for ( k = xcL, j = i + k; j > i; ) {
2139                      xlo = xc[--k] % sqrtBase;
2140                      xhi = xc[k] / sqrtBase | 0;
2141                      m = yhi * xlo + xhi * ylo;
2142                      xlo = ylo * xlo + ( ( m % sqrtBase ) * sqrtBase ) + zc[j] + c;
2143                      c = ( xlo / base | 0 ) + ( m / sqrtBase | 0 ) + yhi * xhi;
2144                      zc[j--] = xlo % base;
2145                  }
2146  
2147                  zc[j] = c;
2148              }
2149  
2150              if (c) {
2151                  ++e;
2152              } else {
2153                  zc.splice(0, 1);
2154              }
2155  
2156              return normalise( y, zc, e );
2157          };
2158  
2159  
2160          /*
2161           * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber rounded to a maximum of
2162           * sd significant digits using rounding mode rm, or ROUNDING_MODE if rm is omitted.
2163           *
2164           * [sd] {number} Significant digits. Integer, 1 to MAX inclusive.
2165           * [rm] {number} Rounding mode. Integer, 0 to 8 inclusive.
2166           *
2167           * 'toDigits() precision out of range: {sd}'
2168           * 'toDigits() precision not an integer: {sd}'
2169           * 'toDigits() rounding mode not an integer: {rm}'
2170           * 'toDigits() rounding mode out of range: {rm}'
2171           */
2172          P.toDigits = function ( sd, rm ) {
2173              var n = new BigNumber(this);
2174              sd = sd == null || !isValidInt( sd, 1, MAX, 18, 'precision' ) ? null : sd | 0;
2175              rm = rm == null || !isValidInt( rm, 0, 8, 18, roundingMode ) ? ROUNDING_MODE : rm | 0;
2176              return sd ? round( n, sd, rm ) : n;
2177          };
2178  
2179  
2180          /*
2181           * Return a string representing the value of this BigNumber in exponential notation and
2182           * rounded using ROUNDING_MODE to dp fixed decimal places.
2183           *
2184           * [dp] {number} Decimal places. Integer, 0 to MAX inclusive.
2185           * [rm] {number} Rounding mode. Integer, 0 to 8 inclusive.
2186           *
2187           * 'toExponential() decimal places not an integer: {dp}'
2188           * 'toExponential() decimal places out of range: {dp}'
2189           * 'toExponential() rounding mode not an integer: {rm}'
2190           * 'toExponential() rounding mode out of range: {rm}'
2191           */
2192          P.toExponential = function ( dp, rm ) {
2193              return format( this,
2194                dp != null && isValidInt( dp, 0, MAX, 19 ) ? ~~dp + 1 : null, rm, 19 );
2195          };
2196  
2197  
2198          /*
2199           * Return a string representing the value of this BigNumber in fixed-point notation rounding
2200           * to dp fixed decimal places using rounding mode rm, or ROUNDING_MODE if rm is omitted.
2201           *
2202           * Note: as with JavaScript's number type, (-0).toFixed(0) is '0',
2203           * but e.g. (-0.00001).toFixed(0) is '-0'.
2204           *
2205           * [dp] {number} Decimal places. Integer, 0 to MAX inclusive.
2206           * [rm] {number} Rounding mode. Integer, 0 to 8 inclusive.
2207           *
2208           * 'toFixed() decimal places not an integer: {dp}'
2209           * 'toFixed() decimal places out of range: {dp}'
2210           * 'toFixed() rounding mode not an integer: {rm}'
2211           * 'toFixed() rounding mode out of range: {rm}'
2212           */
2213          P.toFixed = function ( dp, rm ) {
2214              return format( this, dp != null && isValidInt( dp, 0, MAX, 20 )
2215                ? ~~dp + this.e + 1 : null, rm, 20 );
2216          };
2217  
2218  
2219          /*
2220           * Return a string representing the value of this BigNumber in fixed-point notation rounded
2221           * using rm or ROUNDING_MODE to dp decimal places, and formatted according to the properties
2222           * of the FORMAT object (see BigNumber.config).
2223           *
2224           * FORMAT = {
2225           *      decimalSeparator : '.',
2226           *      groupSeparator : ',',
2227           *      groupSize : 3,
2228           *      secondaryGroupSize : 0,
2229           *      fractionGroupSeparator : '\xA0',    // non-breaking space
2230           *      fractionGroupSize : 0
2231           * };
2232           *
2233           * [dp] {number} Decimal places. Integer, 0 to MAX inclusive.
2234           * [rm] {number} Rounding mode. Integer, 0 to 8 inclusive.
2235           *
2236           * 'toFormat() decimal places not an integer: {dp}'
2237           * 'toFormat() decimal places out of range: {dp}'
2238           * 'toFormat() rounding mode not an integer: {rm}'
2239           * 'toFormat() rounding mode out of range: {rm}'
2240           */
2241          P.toFormat = function ( dp, rm ) {
2242              var str = format( this, dp != null && isValidInt( dp, 0, MAX, 21 )
2243                ? ~~dp + this.e + 1 : null, rm, 21 );
2244  
2245              if ( this.c ) {
2246                  var i,
2247                      arr = str.split('.'),
2248                      g1 = +FORMAT.groupSize,
2249                      g2 = +FORMAT.secondaryGroupSize,
2250                      groupSeparator = FORMAT.groupSeparator,
2251                      intPart = arr[0],
2252                      fractionPart = arr[1],
2253                      isNeg = this.s < 0,
2254                      intDigits = isNeg ? intPart.slice(1) : intPart,
2255                      len = intDigits.length;
2256  
2257                  if (g2) i = g1, g1 = g2, g2 = i, len -= i;
2258  
2259                  if ( g1 > 0 && len > 0 ) {
2260                      i = len % g1 || g1;
2261                      intPart = intDigits.substr( 0, i );
2262  
2263                      for ( ; i < len; i += g1 ) {
2264                          intPart += groupSeparator + intDigits.substr( i, g1 );
2265                      }
2266  
2267                      if ( g2 > 0 ) intPart += groupSeparator + intDigits.slice(i);
2268                      if (isNeg) intPart = '-' + intPart;
2269                  }
2270  
2271                  str = fractionPart
2272                    ? intPart + FORMAT.decimalSeparator + ( ( g2 = +FORMAT.fractionGroupSize )
2273                      ? fractionPart.replace( new RegExp( '\\d{' + g2 + '}\\B', 'g' ),
2274                        '$&' + FORMAT.fractionGroupSeparator )
2275                      : fractionPart )
2276                    : intPart;
2277              }
2278  
2279              return str;
2280          };
2281  
2282  
2283          /*
2284           * Return a string array representing the value of this BigNumber as a simple fraction with
2285           * an integer numerator and an integer denominator. The denominator will be a positive
2286           * non-zero value less than or equal to the specified maximum denominator. If a maximum
2287           * denominator is not specified, the denominator will be the lowest value necessary to
2288           * represent the number exactly.
2289           *
2290           * [md] {number|string|BigNumber} Integer >= 1 and < Infinity. The maximum denominator.
2291           *
2292           * 'toFraction() max denominator not an integer: {md}'
2293           * 'toFraction() max denominator out of range: {md}'
2294           */
2295          P.toFraction = function (md) {
2296              var arr, d0, d2, e, exp, n, n0, q, s,
2297                  k = ERRORS,
2298                  x = this,
2299                  xc = x.c,
2300                  d = new BigNumber(ONE),
2301                  n1 = d0 = new BigNumber(ONE),
2302                  d1 = n0 = new BigNumber(ONE);
2303  
2304              if ( md != null ) {
2305                  ERRORS = false;
2306                  n = new BigNumber(md);
2307                  ERRORS = k;
2308  
2309                  if ( !( k = n.isInt() ) || n.lt(ONE) ) {
2310  
2311                      if (ERRORS) {
2312                          raise( 22,
2313                            'max denominator ' + ( k ? 'out of range' : 'not an integer' ), md );
2314                      }
2315  
2316                      // ERRORS is false:
2317                      // If md is a finite non-integer >= 1, round it to an integer and use it.
2318                      md = !k && n.c && round( n, n.e + 1, 1 ).gte(ONE) ? n : null;
2319                  }
2320              }
2321  
2322              if ( !xc ) return x.toString();
2323              s = coeffToString(xc);
2324  
2325              // Determine initial denominator.
2326              // d is a power of 10 and the minimum max denominator that specifies the value exactly.
2327              e = d.e = s.length - x.e - 1;
2328              d.c[0] = POWS_TEN[ ( exp = e % LOG_BASE ) < 0 ? LOG_BASE + exp : exp ];
2329              md = !md || n.cmp(d) > 0 ? ( e > 0 ? d : n1 ) : n;
2330  
2331              exp = MAX_EXP;
2332              MAX_EXP = 1 / 0;
2333              n = new BigNumber(s);
2334  
2335              // n0 = d1 = 0
2336              n0.c[0] = 0;
2337  
2338              for ( ; ; )  {
2339                  q = div( n, d, 0, 1 );
2340                  d2 = d0.plus( q.times(d1) );
2341                  if ( d2.cmp(md) == 1 ) break;
2342                  d0 = d1;
2343                  d1 = d2;
2344                  n1 = n0.plus( q.times( d2 = n1 ) );
2345                  n0 = d2;
2346                  d = n.minus( q.times( d2 = d ) );
2347                  n = d2;
2348              }
2349  
2350              d2 = div( md.minus(d0), d1, 0, 1 );
2351              n0 = n0.plus( d2.times(n1) );
2352              d0 = d0.plus( d2.times(d1) );
2353              n0.s = n1.s = x.s;
2354              e *= 2;
2355  
2356              // Determine which fraction is closer to x, n0/d0 or n1/d1
2357              arr = div( n1, d1, e, ROUNDING_MODE ).minus(x).abs().cmp(
2358                    div( n0, d0, e, ROUNDING_MODE ).minus(x).abs() ) < 1
2359                      ? [ n1.toString(), d1.toString() ]
2360                      : [ n0.toString(), d0.toString() ];
2361  
2362              MAX_EXP = exp;
2363              return arr;
2364          };
2365  
2366  
2367          /*
2368           * Return the value of this BigNumber converted to a number primitive.
2369           */
2370          P.toNumber = function () {
2371              return +this;
2372          };
2373  
2374  
2375          /*
2376           * Return a BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber raised to the power n.
2377           * If m is present, return the result modulo m.
2378           * If n is negative round according to DECIMAL_PLACES and ROUNDING_MODE.
2379           * If POW_PRECISION is non-zero and m is not present, round to POW_PRECISION using
2380           * ROUNDING_MODE.
2381           *
2382           * The modular power operation works efficiently when x, n, and m are positive integers,
2383           * otherwise it is equivalent to calculating x.toPower(n).modulo(m) (with POW_PRECISION 0).
2384           *
2385           * n {number} Integer, -MAX_SAFE_INTEGER to MAX_SAFE_INTEGER inclusive.
2386           * [m] {number|string|BigNumber} The modulus.
2387           *
2388           * 'pow() exponent not an integer: {n}'
2389           * 'pow() exponent out of range: {n}'
2390           *
2391           * Performs 54 loop iterations for n of 9007199254740991.
2392           */
2393          P.toPower = P.pow = function ( n, m ) {
2394              var k, y, z,
2395                  i = mathfloor( n < 0 ? -n : +n ),
2396                  x = this;
2397  
2398              if ( m != null ) {
2399                  id = 23;
2400                  m = new BigNumber(m);
2401              }
2402  
2403              // Pass ±Infinity to Math.pow if exponent is out of range.
2404              if ( !isValidInt( n, -MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, 23, 'exponent' ) &&
2405                ( !isFinite(n) || i > MAX_SAFE_INTEGER && ( n /= 0 ) ||
2406                  parseFloat(n) != n && !( n = NaN ) ) || n == 0 ) {
2407                  k = Math.pow( +x, n );
2408                  return new BigNumber( m ? k % m : k );
2409              }
2410  
2411              if (m) {
2412                  if ( n > 1 && x.gt(ONE) && x.isInt() && m.gt(ONE) && m.isInt() ) {
2413                      x = x.mod(m);
2414                  } else {
2415                      z = m;
2416  
2417                      // Nullify m so only a single mod operation is performed at the end.
2418                      m = null;
2419                  }
2420              } else if (POW_PRECISION) {
2421  
2422                  // Truncating each coefficient array to a length of k after each multiplication
2423                  // equates to truncating significant digits to POW_PRECISION + [28, 41],
2424                  // i.e. there will be a minimum of 28 guard digits retained.
2425                  // (Using + 1.5 would give [9, 21] guard digits.)
2426                  k = mathceil( POW_PRECISION / LOG_BASE + 2 );
2427              }
2428  
2429              y = new BigNumber(ONE);
2430  
2431              for ( ; ; ) {
2432                  if ( i % 2 ) {
2433                      y = y.times(x);
2434                      if ( !y.c ) break;
2435                      if (k) {
2436                          if ( y.c.length > k ) y.c.length = k;
2437                      } else if (m) {
2438                          y = y.mod(m);
2439                      }
2440                  }
2441  
2442                  i = mathfloor( i / 2 );
2443                  if ( !i ) break;
2444                  x = x.times(x);
2445                  if (k) {
2446                      if ( x.c && x.c.length > k ) x.c.length = k;
2447                  } else if (m) {
2448                      x = x.mod(m);
2449                  }
2450              }
2451  
2452              if (m) return y;
2453              if ( n < 0 ) y = ONE.div(y);
2454  
2455              return z ? y.mod(z) : k ? round( y, POW_PRECISION, ROUNDING_MODE ) : y;
2456          };
2457  
2458  
2459          /*
2460           * Return a string representing the value of this BigNumber rounded to sd significant digits
2461           * using rounding mode rm or ROUNDING_MODE. If sd is less than the number of digits
2462           * necessary to represent the integer part of the value in fixed-point notation, then use
2463           * exponential notation.
2464           *
2465           * [sd] {number} Significant digits. Integer, 1 to MAX inclusive.
2466           * [rm] {number} Rounding mode. Integer, 0 to 8 inclusive.
2467           *
2468           * 'toPrecision() precision not an integer: {sd}'
2469           * 'toPrecision() precision out of range: {sd}'
2470           * 'toPrecision() rounding mode not an integer: {rm}'
2471           * 'toPrecision() rounding mode out of range: {rm}'
2472           */
2473          P.toPrecision = function ( sd, rm ) {
2474              return format( this, sd != null && isValidInt( sd, 1, MAX, 24, 'precision' )
2475                ? sd | 0 : null, rm, 24 );
2476          };
2477  
2478  
2479          /*
2480           * Return a string representing the value of this BigNumber in base b, or base 10 if b is
2481           * omitted. If a base is specified, including base 10, round according to DECIMAL_PLACES and
2482           * ROUNDING_MODE. If a base is not specified, and this BigNumber has a positive exponent
2483           * that is equal to or greater than TO_EXP_POS, or a negative exponent equal to or less than
2484           * TO_EXP_NEG, return exponential notation.
2485           *
2486           * [b] {number} Integer, 2 to 64 inclusive.
2487           *
2488           * 'toString() base not an integer: {b}'
2489           * 'toString() base out of range: {b}'
2490           */
2491          P.toString = function (b) {
2492              var str,
2493                  n = this,
2494                  s = n.s,
2495                  e = n.e;
2496  
2497              // Infinity or NaN?
2498              if ( e === null ) {
2499  
2500                  if (s) {
2501                      str = 'Infinity';
2502                      if ( s < 0 ) str = '-' + str;
2503                  } else {
2504                      str = 'NaN';
2505                  }
2506              } else {
2507                  str = coeffToString( n.c );
2508  
2509                  if ( b == null || !isValidInt( b, 2, 64, 25, 'base' ) ) {
2510                      str = e <= TO_EXP_NEG || e >= TO_EXP_POS
2511                        ? toExponential( str, e )
2512                        : toFixedPoint( str, e );
2513                  } else {
2514                      str = convertBase( toFixedPoint( str, e ), b | 0, 10, s );
2515                  }
2516  
2517                  if ( s < 0 && n.c[0] ) str = '-' + str;
2518              }
2519  
2520              return str;
2521          };
2522  
2523  
2524          /*
2525           * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber truncated to a whole
2526           * number.
2527           */
2528          P.truncated = P.trunc = function () {
2529              return round( new BigNumber(this), this.e + 1, 1 );
2530          };
2531  
2532  
2533          /*
2534           * Return as toString, but do not accept a base argument, and include the minus sign for
2535           * negative zero.
2536           */
2537          P.valueOf = P.toJSON = function () {
2538              var str,
2539                  n = this,
2540                  e = n.e;
2541  
2542              if ( e === null ) return n.toString();
2543  
2544              str = coeffToString( n.c );
2545  
2546              str = e <= TO_EXP_NEG || e >= TO_EXP_POS
2547                  ? toExponential( str, e )
2548                  : toFixedPoint( str, e );
2549  
2550              return n.s < 0 ? '-' + str : str;
2551          };
2552  
2553  
2554          P.isBigNumber = true;
2555  
2556          if ( config != null ) BigNumber.config(config);
2557  
2558          return BigNumber;
2559      }
2560  
2561  
2562      // PRIVATE HELPER FUNCTIONS
2563  
2564  
2565      function bitFloor(n) {
2566          var i = n | 0;
2567          return n > 0 || n === i ? i : i - 1;
2568      }
2569  
2570  
2571      // Return a coefficient array as a string of base 10 digits.
2572      function coeffToString(a) {
2573          var s, z,
2574              i = 1,
2575              j = a.length,
2576              r = a[0] + '';
2577  
2578          for ( ; i < j; ) {
2579              s = a[i++] + '';
2580              z = LOG_BASE - s.length;
2581              for ( ; z--; s = '0' + s );
2582              r += s;
2583          }
2584  
2585          // Determine trailing zeros.
2586          for ( j = r.length; r.charCodeAt(--j) === 48; );
2587          return r.slice( 0, j + 1 || 1 );
2588      }
2589  
2590  
2591      // Compare the value of BigNumbers x and y.
2592      function compare( x, y ) {
2593          var a, b,
2594              xc = x.c,
2595              yc = y.c,
2596              i = x.s,
2597              j = y.s,
2598              k = x.e,
2599              l = y.e;
2600  
2601          // Either NaN?
2602          if ( !i || !j ) return null;
2603  
2604          a = xc && !xc[0];
2605          b = yc && !yc[0];
2606  
2607          // Either zero?
2608          if ( a || b ) return a ? b ? 0 : -j : i;
2609  
2610          // Signs differ?
2611          if ( i != j ) return i;
2612  
2613          a = i < 0;
2614          b = k == l;
2615  
2616          // Either Infinity?
2617          if ( !xc || !yc ) return b ? 0 : !xc ^ a ? 1 : -1;
2618  
2619          // Compare exponents.
2620          if ( !b ) return k > l ^ a ? 1 : -1;
2621  
2622          j = ( k = xc.length ) < ( l = yc.length ) ? k : l;
2623  
2624          // Compare digit by digit.
2625          for ( i = 0; i < j; i++ ) if ( xc[i] != yc[i] ) return xc[i] > yc[i] ^ a ? 1 : -1;
2626  
2627          // Compare lengths.
2628          return k == l ? 0 : k > l ^ a ? 1 : -1;
2629      }
2630  
2631  
2632      /*
2633       * Return true if n is a valid number in range, otherwise false.
2634       * Use for argument validation when ERRORS is false.
2635       * Note: parseInt('1e+1') == 1 but parseFloat('1e+1') == 10.
2636       */
2637      function intValidatorNoErrors( n, min, max ) {
2638          return ( n = truncate(n) ) >= min && n <= max;
2639      }
2640  
2641  
2642      function isArray(obj) {
2643          return Object.prototype.toString.call(obj) == '[object Array]';
2644      }
2645  
2646  
2647      /*
2648       * Convert string of baseIn to an array of numbers of baseOut.
2649       * Eg. convertBase('255', 10, 16) returns [15, 15].
2650       * Eg. convertBase('ff', 16, 10) returns [2, 5, 5].
2651       */
2652      function toBaseOut( str, baseIn, baseOut ) {
2653          var j,
2654              arr = [0],
2655              arrL,
2656              i = 0,
2657              len = str.length;
2658  
2659          for ( ; i < len; ) {
2660              for ( arrL = arr.length; arrL--; arr[arrL] *= baseIn );
2661              arr[ j = 0 ] += ALPHABET.indexOf( str.charAt( i++ ) );
2662  
2663              for ( ; j < arr.length; j++ ) {
2664  
2665                  if ( arr[j] > baseOut - 1 ) {
2666                      if ( arr[j + 1] == null ) arr[j + 1] = 0;
2667                      arr[j + 1] += arr[j] / baseOut | 0;
2668                      arr[j] %= baseOut;
2669                  }
2670              }
2671          }
2672  
2673          return arr.reverse();
2674      }
2675  
2676  
2677      function toExponential( str, e ) {
2678          return ( str.length > 1 ? str.charAt(0) + '.' + str.slice(1) : str ) +
2679            ( e < 0 ? 'e' : 'e+' ) + e;
2680      }
2681  
2682  
2683      function toFixedPoint( str, e ) {
2684          var len, z;
2685  
2686          // Negative exponent?
2687          if ( e < 0 ) {
2688  
2689              // Prepend zeros.
2690              for ( z = '0.'; ++e; z += '0' );
2691              str = z + str;
2692  
2693          // Positive exponent
2694          } else {
2695              len = str.length;
2696  
2697              // Append zeros.
2698              if ( ++e > len ) {
2699                  for ( z = '0', e -= len; --e; z += '0' );
2700                  str += z;
2701              } else if ( e < len ) {
2702                  str = str.slice( 0, e ) + '.' + str.slice(e);
2703              }
2704          }
2705  
2706          return str;
2707      }
2708  
2709  
2710      function truncate(n) {
2711          n = parseFloat(n);
2712          return n < 0 ? mathceil(n) : mathfloor(n);
2713      }
2714  
2715  
2716      // EXPORT
2717  
2718  
2719      BigNumber = constructorFactory();
2720      BigNumber['default'] = BigNumber.BigNumber = BigNumber;
2721  
2722  
2723      // AMD.
2724      if ( typeof define == 'function' && define.amd ) {
2725          define( function () { return BigNumber; } );
2726  
2727      // Node.js and other environments that support module.exports.
2728      } else if ( typeof module != 'undefined' && module.exports ) {
2729          module.exports = BigNumber;
2730  
2731      // Browser.
2732      } else {
2733          if ( !globalObj ) globalObj = typeof self != 'undefined' ? self : Function('return this')();
2734          globalObj.BigNumber = BigNumber;
2735      }
2736  })(this);