/ src / test / fuzz / miniscript.cpp
miniscript.cpp
   1  // Copyright (c) 2021-present The Bitcoin Core developers
   2  // Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
   3  // file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
   4  
   5  #include <core_io.h>
   6  #include <hash.h>
   7  #include <key.h>
   8  #include <script/miniscript.h>
   9  #include <script/script.h>
  10  #include <script/signingprovider.h>
  11  #include <test/fuzz/FuzzedDataProvider.h>
  12  #include <test/fuzz/fuzz.h>
  13  #include <test/fuzz/util.h>
  14  #include <test/fuzz/util/descriptor.h>
  15  #include <util/strencodings.h>
  16  
  17  #include <algorithm>
  18  #include <optional>
  19  
  20  namespace {
  21  
  22  using Fragment = miniscript::Fragment;
  23  using Node = miniscript::Node<CPubKey>;
  24  using Type = miniscript::Type;
  25  using MsCtx = miniscript::MiniscriptContext;
  26  using miniscript::operator""_mst;
  27  
  28  //! Some pre-computed data for more efficient string roundtrips and to simulate challenges.
  29  struct TestData {
  30      typedef CPubKey Key;
  31  
  32      // Precomputed public keys, and a dummy signature for each of them.
  33      std::vector<Key> dummy_keys;
  34      std::map<Key, int> dummy_key_idx_map;
  35      std::map<CKeyID, Key> dummy_keys_map;
  36      std::map<Key, std::pair<std::vector<unsigned char>, bool>> dummy_sigs;
  37      std::map<XOnlyPubKey, std::pair<std::vector<unsigned char>, bool>> schnorr_sigs;
  38  
  39      // Precomputed hashes of each kind.
  40      std::vector<std::vector<unsigned char>> sha256;
  41      std::vector<std::vector<unsigned char>> ripemd160;
  42      std::vector<std::vector<unsigned char>> hash256;
  43      std::vector<std::vector<unsigned char>> hash160;
  44      std::map<std::vector<unsigned char>, std::vector<unsigned char>> sha256_preimages;
  45      std::map<std::vector<unsigned char>, std::vector<unsigned char>> ripemd160_preimages;
  46      std::map<std::vector<unsigned char>, std::vector<unsigned char>> hash256_preimages;
  47      std::map<std::vector<unsigned char>, std::vector<unsigned char>> hash160_preimages;
  48  
  49      //! Set the precomputed data.
  50      void Init() {
  51          unsigned char keydata[32] = {1};
  52          // All our signatures sign (and are required to sign) this constant message.
  53          constexpr uint256 MESSAGE_HASH{"0000000000000000f5cd94e18b6fe77dd7aca9e35c2b0c9cbd86356c80a71065"};
  54          // We don't pass additional randomness when creating a schnorr signature.
  55          const auto EMPTY_AUX{uint256::ZERO};
  56  
  57          for (size_t i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
  58              keydata[31] = i;
  59              CKey privkey;
  60              privkey.Set(keydata, keydata + 32, true);
  61              const Key pubkey = privkey.GetPubKey();
  62  
  63              dummy_keys.push_back(pubkey);
  64              dummy_key_idx_map.emplace(pubkey, i);
  65              dummy_keys_map.insert({pubkey.GetID(), pubkey});
  66              XOnlyPubKey xonly_pubkey{pubkey};
  67              dummy_key_idx_map.emplace(xonly_pubkey, i);
  68              uint160 xonly_hash{Hash160(xonly_pubkey)};
  69              dummy_keys_map.emplace(xonly_hash, pubkey);
  70  
  71              std::vector<unsigned char> sig, schnorr_sig(64);
  72              privkey.Sign(MESSAGE_HASH, sig);
  73              sig.push_back(1); // SIGHASH_ALL
  74              dummy_sigs.insert({pubkey, {sig, i & 1}});
  75              assert(privkey.SignSchnorr(MESSAGE_HASH, schnorr_sig, nullptr, EMPTY_AUX));
  76              schnorr_sig.push_back(1); // Maximally-sized signature has sighash byte
  77              schnorr_sigs.emplace(XOnlyPubKey{pubkey}, std::make_pair(std::move(schnorr_sig), i & 1));
  78  
  79              std::vector<unsigned char> hash;
  80              hash.resize(32);
  81              CSHA256().Write(keydata, 32).Finalize(hash.data());
  82              sha256.push_back(hash);
  83              if (i & 1) sha256_preimages[hash] = std::vector<unsigned char>(keydata, keydata + 32);
  84              CHash256().Write(keydata).Finalize(hash);
  85              hash256.push_back(hash);
  86              if (i & 1) hash256_preimages[hash] = std::vector<unsigned char>(keydata, keydata + 32);
  87              hash.resize(20);
  88              CRIPEMD160().Write(keydata, 32).Finalize(hash.data());
  89              assert(hash.size() == 20);
  90              ripemd160.push_back(hash);
  91              if (i & 1) ripemd160_preimages[hash] = std::vector<unsigned char>(keydata, keydata + 32);
  92              CHash160().Write(keydata).Finalize(hash);
  93              hash160.push_back(hash);
  94              if (i & 1) hash160_preimages[hash] = std::vector<unsigned char>(keydata, keydata + 32);
  95          }
  96      }
  97  
  98      //! Get the (Schnorr or ECDSA, depending on context) signature for this pubkey.
  99      const std::pair<std::vector<unsigned char>, bool>* GetSig(const MsCtx script_ctx, const Key& key) const {
 100          if (!miniscript::IsTapscript(script_ctx)) {
 101              const auto it = dummy_sigs.find(key);
 102              if (it == dummy_sigs.end()) return nullptr;
 103              return &it->second;
 104          } else {
 105              const auto it = schnorr_sigs.find(XOnlyPubKey{key});
 106              if (it == schnorr_sigs.end()) return nullptr;
 107              return &it->second;
 108          }
 109      }
 110  } TEST_DATA;
 111  
 112  /**
 113   * Context to parse a Miniscript node to and from Script or text representation.
 114   * Uses an integer (an index in the dummy keys array from the test data) as keys in order
 115   * to focus on fuzzing the Miniscript nodes' test representation, not the key representation.
 116   */
 117  struct ParserContext {
 118      typedef CPubKey Key;
 119  
 120      const MsCtx script_ctx;
 121  
 122      constexpr ParserContext(MsCtx ctx) noexcept : script_ctx(ctx) {}
 123  
 124      bool KeyCompare(const Key& a, const Key& b) const {
 125          return a < b;
 126      }
 127  
 128      std::optional<std::string> ToString(const Key& key, bool& has_priv_key) const
 129      {
 130          has_priv_key = false;
 131          auto it = TEST_DATA.dummy_key_idx_map.find(key);
 132          if (it == TEST_DATA.dummy_key_idx_map.end()) {
 133              return HexStr(key);
 134          }
 135          has_priv_key = true;
 136          uint8_t idx = it->second;
 137          return HexStr(std::span{&idx, 1});
 138      }
 139  
 140      std::vector<unsigned char> ToPKBytes(const Key& key) const {
 141          if (!miniscript::IsTapscript(script_ctx)) {
 142              return {key.begin(), key.end()};
 143          }
 144          const XOnlyPubKey xonly_pubkey{key};
 145          return {xonly_pubkey.begin(), xonly_pubkey.end()};
 146      }
 147  
 148      std::vector<unsigned char> ToPKHBytes(const Key& key) const {
 149          if (!miniscript::IsTapscript(script_ctx)) {
 150              const auto h = Hash160(key);
 151              return {h.begin(), h.end()};
 152          }
 153          const auto h = Hash160(XOnlyPubKey{key});
 154          return {h.begin(), h.end()};
 155      }
 156  
 157      std::optional<Key> FromString(std::span<const char>& in) const {
 158          if (in.size() != 2) return {};
 159          auto idx = ParseHex(std::string(in.begin(), in.end()));
 160          if (idx.size() != 1) return {};
 161          return TEST_DATA.dummy_keys[idx[0]];
 162      }
 163  
 164      template<typename I>
 165      std::optional<Key> FromPKBytes(I first, I last) const {
 166          if (!miniscript::IsTapscript(script_ctx)) {
 167              Key key{first, last};
 168              if (key.IsValid()) return key;
 169              return {};
 170          }
 171          if (last - first != 32) return {};
 172          XOnlyPubKey xonly_pubkey;
 173          std::copy(first, last, xonly_pubkey.begin());
 174          return xonly_pubkey.GetEvenCorrespondingCPubKey();
 175      }
 176  
 177      template<typename I>
 178      std::optional<Key> FromPKHBytes(I first, I last) const {
 179          assert(last - first == 20);
 180          CKeyID keyid;
 181          std::copy(first, last, keyid.begin());
 182          const auto it = TEST_DATA.dummy_keys_map.find(keyid);
 183          if (it == TEST_DATA.dummy_keys_map.end()) return {};
 184          return it->second;
 185      }
 186  
 187      MsCtx MsContext() const {
 188          return script_ctx;
 189      }
 190  };
 191  
 192  //! Context that implements naive conversion from/to script only, for roundtrip testing.
 193  struct ScriptParserContext {
 194      const MsCtx script_ctx;
 195  
 196      constexpr ScriptParserContext(MsCtx ctx) noexcept : script_ctx(ctx) {}
 197  
 198      //! For Script roundtrip we never need the key from a key hash.
 199      struct Key {
 200          bool is_hash;
 201          std::vector<unsigned char> data;
 202      };
 203  
 204      bool KeyCompare(const Key& a, const Key& b) const {
 205          return a.data < b.data;
 206      }
 207  
 208      const std::vector<unsigned char>& ToPKBytes(const Key& key) const
 209      {
 210          assert(!key.is_hash);
 211          return key.data;
 212      }
 213  
 214      std::vector<unsigned char> ToPKHBytes(const Key& key) const
 215      {
 216          if (key.is_hash) return key.data;
 217          const auto h = Hash160(key.data);
 218          return {h.begin(), h.end()};
 219      }
 220  
 221      template<typename I>
 222      std::optional<Key> FromPKBytes(I first, I last) const
 223      {
 224          Key key;
 225          key.data.assign(first, last);
 226          key.is_hash = false;
 227          return key;
 228      }
 229  
 230      template<typename I>
 231      std::optional<Key> FromPKHBytes(I first, I last) const
 232      {
 233          Key key;
 234          key.data.assign(first, last);
 235          key.is_hash = true;
 236          return key;
 237      }
 238  
 239      MsCtx MsContext() const {
 240          return script_ctx;
 241      }
 242  };
 243  
 244  //! Context to produce a satisfaction for a Miniscript node using the pre-computed data.
 245  struct SatisfierContext : ParserContext {
 246  
 247      constexpr SatisfierContext(MsCtx ctx) noexcept : ParserContext(ctx) {}
 248  
 249      // Timelock challenges satisfaction. Make the value (deterministically) vary to explore different
 250      // paths.
 251      bool CheckAfter(uint32_t value) const { return value % 2; }
 252      bool CheckOlder(uint32_t value) const { return value % 2; }
 253  
 254      // Signature challenges fulfilled with a dummy signature, if it was one of our dummy keys.
 255      miniscript::Availability Sign(const CPubKey& key, std::vector<unsigned char>& sig) const {
 256          bool sig_available{false};
 257          if (auto res = TEST_DATA.GetSig(script_ctx, key)) {
 258              std::tie(sig, sig_available) = *res;
 259          }
 260          return sig_available ? miniscript::Availability::YES : miniscript::Availability::NO;
 261      }
 262  
 263      //! Lookup generalization for all the hash satisfactions below
 264      miniscript::Availability LookupHash(const std::vector<unsigned char>& hash, std::vector<unsigned char>& preimage,
 265                                          const std::map<std::vector<unsigned char>, std::vector<unsigned char>>& map) const
 266      {
 267          const auto it = map.find(hash);
 268          if (it == map.end()) return miniscript::Availability::NO;
 269          preimage = it->second;
 270          return miniscript::Availability::YES;
 271      }
 272      miniscript::Availability SatSHA256(const std::vector<unsigned char>& hash, std::vector<unsigned char>& preimage) const {
 273          return LookupHash(hash, preimage, TEST_DATA.sha256_preimages);
 274      }
 275      miniscript::Availability SatRIPEMD160(const std::vector<unsigned char>& hash, std::vector<unsigned char>& preimage) const {
 276          return LookupHash(hash, preimage, TEST_DATA.ripemd160_preimages);
 277      }
 278      miniscript::Availability SatHASH256(const std::vector<unsigned char>& hash, std::vector<unsigned char>& preimage) const {
 279          return LookupHash(hash, preimage, TEST_DATA.hash256_preimages);
 280      }
 281      miniscript::Availability SatHASH160(const std::vector<unsigned char>& hash, std::vector<unsigned char>& preimage) const {
 282          return LookupHash(hash, preimage, TEST_DATA.hash160_preimages);
 283      }
 284  };
 285  
 286  //! Context to check a satisfaction against the pre-computed data.
 287  const struct CheckerContext: BaseSignatureChecker {
 288      // Signature checker methods. Checks the right dummy signature is used.
 289      bool CheckECDSASignature(const std::vector<unsigned char>& sig, const std::vector<unsigned char>& vchPubKey,
 290                               const CScript& scriptCode, SigVersion sigversion) const override
 291      {
 292          const CPubKey key{vchPubKey};
 293          const auto it = TEST_DATA.dummy_sigs.find(key);
 294          if (it == TEST_DATA.dummy_sigs.end()) return false;
 295          return it->second.first == sig;
 296      }
 297      bool CheckSchnorrSignature(std::span<const unsigned char> sig, std::span<const unsigned char> pubkey, SigVersion,
 298                                 ScriptExecutionData&, ScriptError*) const override {
 299          XOnlyPubKey pk{pubkey};
 300          auto it = TEST_DATA.schnorr_sigs.find(pk);
 301          if (it == TEST_DATA.schnorr_sigs.end()) return false;
 302          return std::ranges::equal(it->second.first, sig);
 303      }
 304      bool CheckLockTime(const CScriptNum& nLockTime) const override { return nLockTime.GetInt64() & 1; }
 305      bool CheckSequence(const CScriptNum& nSequence) const override { return nSequence.GetInt64() & 1; }
 306  } CHECKER_CTX;
 307  
 308  //! Context to check for duplicates when instancing a Node.
 309  const struct KeyComparator {
 310      bool KeyCompare(const CPubKey& a, const CPubKey& b) const {
 311          return a < b;
 312      }
 313  } KEY_COMP;
 314  
 315  // A dummy scriptsig to pass to VerifyScript (we always use Segwit v0).
 316  const CScript DUMMY_SCRIPTSIG;
 317  
 318  /** Information about a yet to be constructed Miniscript node. */
 319  struct NodeInfo {
 320      //! The type of this node
 321      Fragment fragment;
 322      //! The timelock value for older() and after(), the threshold value for multi() and thresh()
 323      uint32_t k;
 324      //! Keys for this node, if it has some
 325      std::vector<CPubKey> keys;
 326      //! The hash value for this node, if it has one
 327      std::vector<unsigned char> hash;
 328      //! The type requirements for the children of this node.
 329      std::vector<Type> subtypes;
 330  
 331      NodeInfo(Fragment frag): fragment(frag), k(0) {}
 332      NodeInfo(Fragment frag, CPubKey key): fragment(frag), k(0), keys({key}) {}
 333      NodeInfo(Fragment frag, uint32_t _k): fragment(frag), k(_k) {}
 334      NodeInfo(Fragment frag, std::vector<unsigned char> h): fragment(frag), k(0), hash(std::move(h)) {}
 335      NodeInfo(std::vector<Type> subt, Fragment frag): fragment(frag), k(0), subtypes(std::move(subt)) {}
 336      NodeInfo(std::vector<Type> subt, Fragment frag, uint32_t _k): fragment(frag), k(_k), subtypes(std::move(subt))  {}
 337      NodeInfo(Fragment frag, uint32_t _k, std::vector<CPubKey> _keys): fragment(frag), k(_k), keys(std::move(_keys)) {}
 338  };
 339  
 340  /** Pick an index in a collection from a single byte in the fuzzer's output. */
 341  template<typename T, typename A>
 342  T ConsumeIndex(FuzzedDataProvider& provider, A& col) {
 343      const uint8_t i = provider.ConsumeIntegral<uint8_t>();
 344      return col[i];
 345  }
 346  
 347  CPubKey ConsumePubKey(FuzzedDataProvider& provider) {
 348      return ConsumeIndex<CPubKey>(provider, TEST_DATA.dummy_keys);
 349  }
 350  
 351  std::vector<unsigned char> ConsumeSha256(FuzzedDataProvider& provider) {
 352      return ConsumeIndex<std::vector<unsigned char>>(provider, TEST_DATA.sha256);
 353  }
 354  
 355  std::vector<unsigned char> ConsumeHash256(FuzzedDataProvider& provider) {
 356      return ConsumeIndex<std::vector<unsigned char>>(provider, TEST_DATA.hash256);
 357  }
 358  
 359  std::vector<unsigned char> ConsumeRipemd160(FuzzedDataProvider& provider) {
 360      return ConsumeIndex<std::vector<unsigned char>>(provider, TEST_DATA.ripemd160);
 361  }
 362  
 363  std::vector<unsigned char> ConsumeHash160(FuzzedDataProvider& provider) {
 364      return ConsumeIndex<std::vector<unsigned char>>(provider, TEST_DATA.hash160);
 365  }
 366  
 367  std::optional<uint32_t> ConsumeTimeLock(FuzzedDataProvider& provider) {
 368      const uint32_t k = provider.ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>();
 369      if (k == 0 || k >= 0x80000000) return {};
 370      return k;
 371  }
 372  
 373  /**
 374   * Consume a Miniscript node from the fuzzer's output.
 375   *
 376   * This version is intended to have a fixed, stable, encoding for Miniscript nodes:
 377   *  - The first byte sets the type of the fragment. 0, 1 and all non-leaf fragments but thresh() are a
 378   *    single byte.
 379   *  - For the other leaf fragments, the following bytes depend on their type.
 380   *    - For older() and after(), the next 4 bytes define the timelock value.
 381   *    - For pk_k(), pk_h(), and all hashes, the next byte defines the index of the value in the test data.
 382   *    - For multi(), the next 2 bytes define respectively the threshold and the number of keys. Then as many
 383   *      bytes as the number of keys define the index of each key in the test data.
 384   *    - For multi_a(), same as for multi() but the threshold and the keys count are encoded on two bytes.
 385   *    - For thresh(), the next byte defines the threshold value and the following one the number of subs.
 386   */
 387  std::optional<NodeInfo> ConsumeNodeStable(MsCtx script_ctx, FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Type type_needed) {
 388      bool allow_B = (type_needed == ""_mst) || (type_needed << "B"_mst);
 389      bool allow_K = (type_needed == ""_mst) || (type_needed << "K"_mst);
 390      bool allow_V = (type_needed == ""_mst) || (type_needed << "V"_mst);
 391      bool allow_W = (type_needed == ""_mst) || (type_needed << "W"_mst);
 392  
 393      switch (provider.ConsumeIntegral<uint8_t>()) {
 394          case 0:
 395              if (!allow_B) return {};
 396              return {{Fragment::JUST_0}};
 397          case 1:
 398              if (!allow_B) return {};
 399              return {{Fragment::JUST_1}};
 400          case 2:
 401              if (!allow_K) return {};
 402              return {{Fragment::PK_K, ConsumePubKey(provider)}};
 403          case 3:
 404              if (!allow_K) return {};
 405              return {{Fragment::PK_H, ConsumePubKey(provider)}};
 406          case 4: {
 407              if (!allow_B) return {};
 408              const auto k = ConsumeTimeLock(provider);
 409              if (!k) return {};
 410              return {{Fragment::OLDER, *k}};
 411          }
 412          case 5: {
 413              if (!allow_B) return {};
 414              const auto k = ConsumeTimeLock(provider);
 415              if (!k) return {};
 416              return {{Fragment::AFTER, *k}};
 417          }
 418          case 6:
 419              if (!allow_B) return {};
 420              return {{Fragment::SHA256, ConsumeSha256(provider)}};
 421          case 7:
 422              if (!allow_B) return {};
 423              return {{Fragment::HASH256, ConsumeHash256(provider)}};
 424          case 8:
 425              if (!allow_B) return {};
 426              return {{Fragment::RIPEMD160, ConsumeRipemd160(provider)}};
 427          case 9:
 428              if (!allow_B) return {};
 429              return {{Fragment::HASH160, ConsumeHash160(provider)}};
 430          case 10: {
 431              if (!allow_B || IsTapscript(script_ctx)) return {};
 432              const auto k = provider.ConsumeIntegral<uint8_t>();
 433              const auto n_keys = provider.ConsumeIntegral<uint8_t>();
 434              if (n_keys > 20 || k == 0 || k > n_keys) return {};
 435              std::vector<CPubKey> keys{n_keys};
 436              for (auto& key: keys) key = ConsumePubKey(provider);
 437              return {{Fragment::MULTI, k, std::move(keys)}};
 438          }
 439          case 11:
 440              if (!(allow_B || allow_K || allow_V)) return {};
 441              return {{{"B"_mst, type_needed, type_needed}, Fragment::ANDOR}};
 442          case 12:
 443              if (!(allow_B || allow_K || allow_V)) return {};
 444              return {{{"V"_mst, type_needed}, Fragment::AND_V}};
 445          case 13:
 446              if (!allow_B) return {};
 447              return {{{"B"_mst, "W"_mst}, Fragment::AND_B}};
 448          case 15:
 449              if (!allow_B) return {};
 450              return {{{"B"_mst, "W"_mst}, Fragment::OR_B}};
 451          case 16:
 452              if (!allow_V) return {};
 453              return {{{"B"_mst, "V"_mst}, Fragment::OR_C}};
 454          case 17:
 455              if (!allow_B) return {};
 456              return {{{"B"_mst, "B"_mst}, Fragment::OR_D}};
 457          case 18:
 458              if (!(allow_B || allow_K || allow_V)) return {};
 459              return {{{type_needed, type_needed}, Fragment::OR_I}};
 460          case 19: {
 461              if (!allow_B) return {};
 462              auto k = provider.ConsumeIntegral<uint8_t>();
 463              auto n_subs = provider.ConsumeIntegral<uint8_t>();
 464              if (k == 0 || k > n_subs) return {};
 465              std::vector<Type> subtypes;
 466              subtypes.reserve(n_subs);
 467              subtypes.emplace_back("B"_mst);
 468              for (size_t i = 1; i < n_subs; ++i) subtypes.emplace_back("W"_mst);
 469              return {{std::move(subtypes), Fragment::THRESH, k}};
 470          }
 471          case 20:
 472              if (!allow_W) return {};
 473              return {{{"B"_mst}, Fragment::WRAP_A}};
 474          case 21:
 475              if (!allow_W) return {};
 476              return {{{"B"_mst}, Fragment::WRAP_S}};
 477          case 22:
 478              if (!allow_B) return {};
 479              return {{{"K"_mst}, Fragment::WRAP_C}};
 480          case 23:
 481              if (!allow_B) return {};
 482              return {{{"V"_mst}, Fragment::WRAP_D}};
 483          case 24:
 484              if (!allow_V) return {};
 485              return {{{"B"_mst}, Fragment::WRAP_V}};
 486          case 25:
 487              if (!allow_B) return {};
 488              return {{{"B"_mst}, Fragment::WRAP_J}};
 489          case 26:
 490              if (!allow_B) return {};
 491              return {{{"B"_mst}, Fragment::WRAP_N}};
 492          case 27: {
 493              if (!allow_B || !IsTapscript(script_ctx)) return {};
 494              const auto k = provider.ConsumeIntegral<uint16_t>();
 495              const auto n_keys = provider.ConsumeIntegral<uint16_t>();
 496              if (n_keys > 999 || k == 0 || k > n_keys) return {};
 497              std::vector<CPubKey> keys{n_keys};
 498              for (auto& key: keys) key = ConsumePubKey(provider);
 499              return {{Fragment::MULTI_A, k, std::move(keys)}};
 500          }
 501          default:
 502              break;
 503      }
 504      return {};
 505  }
 506  
 507  /* This structure contains a table which for each "target" Type a list of recipes
 508   * to construct it, automatically inferred from the behavior of ComputeType.
 509   * Note that the Types here are not the final types of the constructed Nodes, but
 510   * just the subset that are required. For example, a recipe for the "Bo" type
 511   * might construct a "Bondu" sha256() NodeInfo, but cannot construct a "Bz" older().
 512   * Each recipe is a Fragment together with a list of required types for its subnodes.
 513   */
 514  struct SmartInfo
 515  {
 516      using recipe = std::pair<Fragment, std::vector<Type>>;
 517      std::map<Type, std::vector<recipe>> wsh_table, tap_table;
 518  
 519      void Init()
 520      {
 521          Init(wsh_table, MsCtx::P2WSH);
 522          Init(tap_table, MsCtx::TAPSCRIPT);
 523      }
 524  
 525      void Init(std::map<Type, std::vector<recipe>>& table, MsCtx script_ctx)
 526      {
 527          /* Construct a set of interesting type requirements to reason with (sections of BKVWzondu). */
 528          std::vector<Type> types;
 529          for (int base = 0; base < 4; ++base) { /* select from B,K,V,W */
 530              Type type_base = base == 0 ? "B"_mst : base == 1 ? "K"_mst : base == 2 ? "V"_mst : "W"_mst;
 531              for (int zo = 0; zo < 3; ++zo) { /* select from z,o,(none) */
 532                  Type type_zo = zo == 0 ? "z"_mst : zo == 1 ? "o"_mst : ""_mst;
 533                  for (int n = 0; n < 2; ++n) { /* select from (none),n */
 534                      if (zo == 0 && n == 1) continue; /* z conflicts with n */
 535                      if (base == 3 && n == 1) continue; /* W conflicts with n */
 536                      Type type_n = n == 0 ? ""_mst : "n"_mst;
 537                      for (int d = 0; d < 2; ++d) { /* select from (none),d */
 538                          if (base == 2 && d == 1) continue; /* V conflicts with d */
 539                          Type type_d = d == 0 ? ""_mst : "d"_mst;
 540                          for (int u = 0; u < 2; ++u) { /* select from (none),u */
 541                              if (base == 2 && u == 1) continue; /* V conflicts with u */
 542                              Type type_u = u == 0 ? ""_mst : "u"_mst;
 543                              Type type = type_base | type_zo | type_n | type_d | type_u;
 544                              types.push_back(type);
 545                          }
 546                      }
 547                  }
 548              }
 549          }
 550  
 551          /* We define a recipe a to be a super-recipe of recipe b if they use the same
 552           * fragment, the same number of subexpressions, and each of a's subexpression
 553           * types is a supertype of the corresponding subexpression type of b.
 554           * Within the set of recipes for the construction of a given type requirement,
 555           * no recipe should be a super-recipe of another (as the super-recipe is
 556           * applicable in every place the sub-recipe is, the sub-recipe is redundant). */
 557          auto is_super_of = [](const recipe& a, const recipe& b) {
 558              if (a.first != b.first) return false;
 559              if (a.second.size() != b.second.size()) return false;
 560              for (size_t i = 0; i < a.second.size(); ++i) {
 561                  if (!(b.second[i] << a.second[i])) return false;
 562              }
 563              return true;
 564          };
 565  
 566          /* Sort the type requirements. Subtypes will always sort later (e.g. Bondu will
 567           * sort after Bo or Bu). As we'll be constructing recipes using these types, in
 568           * order, in what follows, we'll construct super-recipes before sub-recipes.
 569           * That means we never need to go back and delete a sub-recipe because a
 570           * super-recipe got added. */
 571          std::sort(types.begin(), types.end());
 572  
 573          // Iterate over all possible fragments.
 574          for (int fragidx = 0; fragidx <= int(Fragment::MULTI_A); ++fragidx) {
 575              int sub_count = 0; //!< The minimum number of child nodes this recipe has.
 576              int sub_range = 1; //!< The maximum number of child nodes for this recipe is sub_count+sub_range-1.
 577              size_t data_size = 0;
 578              size_t n_keys = 0;
 579              uint32_t k = 0;
 580              Fragment frag{fragidx};
 581  
 582              // Only produce recipes valid in the given context.
 583              if ((!miniscript::IsTapscript(script_ctx) && frag == Fragment::MULTI_A)
 584                  || (miniscript::IsTapscript(script_ctx) && frag == Fragment::MULTI)) {
 585                  continue;
 586              }
 587  
 588              // Based on the fragment, determine #subs/data/k/keys to pass to ComputeType. */
 589              switch (frag) {
 590                  case Fragment::PK_K:
 591                  case Fragment::PK_H:
 592                      n_keys = 1;
 593                      break;
 594                  case Fragment::MULTI:
 595                  case Fragment::MULTI_A:
 596                      n_keys = 1;
 597                      k = 1;
 598                      break;
 599                  case Fragment::OLDER:
 600                  case Fragment::AFTER:
 601                      k = 1;
 602                      break;
 603                  case Fragment::SHA256:
 604                  case Fragment::HASH256:
 605                      data_size = 32;
 606                      break;
 607                  case Fragment::RIPEMD160:
 608                  case Fragment::HASH160:
 609                      data_size = 20;
 610                      break;
 611                  case Fragment::JUST_0:
 612                  case Fragment::JUST_1:
 613                      break;
 614                  case Fragment::WRAP_A:
 615                  case Fragment::WRAP_S:
 616                  case Fragment::WRAP_C:
 617                  case Fragment::WRAP_D:
 618                  case Fragment::WRAP_V:
 619                  case Fragment::WRAP_J:
 620                  case Fragment::WRAP_N:
 621                      sub_count = 1;
 622                      break;
 623                  case Fragment::AND_V:
 624                  case Fragment::AND_B:
 625                  case Fragment::OR_B:
 626                  case Fragment::OR_C:
 627                  case Fragment::OR_D:
 628                  case Fragment::OR_I:
 629                      sub_count = 2;
 630                      break;
 631                  case Fragment::ANDOR:
 632                      sub_count = 3;
 633                      break;
 634                  case Fragment::THRESH:
 635                      // Thresh logic is executed for 1 and 2 arguments. Larger numbers use ad-hoc code to extend.
 636                      sub_count = 1;
 637                      sub_range = 2;
 638                      k = 1;
 639                      break;
 640              }
 641  
 642              // Iterate over the number of subnodes (sub_count...sub_count+sub_range-1).
 643              std::vector<Type> subt;
 644              for (int subs = sub_count; subs < sub_count + sub_range; ++subs) {
 645                  // Iterate over the possible subnode types (at most 3).
 646                  for (Type x : types) {
 647                      for (Type y : types) {
 648                          for (Type z : types) {
 649                              // Compute the resulting type of a node with the selected fragment / subnode types.
 650                              subt.clear();
 651                              if (subs > 0) subt.push_back(x);
 652                              if (subs > 1) subt.push_back(y);
 653                              if (subs > 2) subt.push_back(z);
 654                              Type res = miniscript::internal::ComputeType(frag, x, y, z, subt, k, data_size, subs, n_keys, script_ctx);
 655                              // Continue if the result is not a valid node.
 656                              if ((res << "K"_mst) + (res << "V"_mst) + (res << "B"_mst) + (res << "W"_mst) != 1) continue;
 657  
 658                              recipe entry{frag, subt};
 659                              auto super_of_entry = [&](const recipe& rec) { return is_super_of(rec, entry); };
 660                              // Iterate over all supertypes of res (because if e.g. our selected fragment/subnodes result
 661                              // in a Bondu, they can form a recipe that is also applicable for constructing a B, Bou, Bdu, ...).
 662                              for (Type s : types) {
 663                                  if ((res & "BKVWzondu"_mst) << s) {
 664                                      auto& recipes = table[s];
 665                                      // If we don't already have a super-recipe to the new one, add it.
 666                                      if (!std::any_of(recipes.begin(), recipes.end(), super_of_entry)) {
 667                                          recipes.push_back(entry);
 668                                      }
 669                                  }
 670                              }
 671  
 672                              if (subs <= 2) break;
 673                          }
 674                          if (subs <= 1) break;
 675                      }
 676                      if (subs <= 0) break;
 677                  }
 678              }
 679          }
 680  
 681          /* Find which types are useful. The fuzzer logic only cares about constructing
 682           * B,V,K,W nodes, so any type that isn't needed in any recipe (directly or
 683           * indirectly) for the construction of those is uninteresting. */
 684          std::set<Type> useful_types{"B"_mst, "V"_mst, "K"_mst, "W"_mst};
 685          // Find the transitive closure by adding types until the set of types does not change.
 686          while (true) {
 687              size_t set_size = useful_types.size();
 688              for (const auto& [type, recipes] : table) {
 689                  if (useful_types.contains(type)) {
 690                      for (const auto& [_, subtypes] : recipes) {
 691                          for (auto subtype : subtypes) useful_types.insert(subtype);
 692                      }
 693                  }
 694              }
 695              if (useful_types.size() == set_size) break;
 696          }
 697          // Remove all rules that construct uninteresting types.
 698          for (auto type_it = table.begin(); type_it != table.end();) {
 699              if (!useful_types.contains(type_it->first)) {
 700                  type_it = table.erase(type_it);
 701              } else {
 702                  ++type_it;
 703              }
 704          }
 705  
 706          /* Find which types are constructible. A type is constructible if there is a leaf
 707           * node recipe for constructing it, or a recipe whose subnodes are all constructible.
 708           * Types can be non-constructible because they have no recipes to begin with,
 709           * because they can only be constructed using recipes that involve otherwise
 710           * non-constructible types, or because they require infinite recursion. */
 711          std::set<Type> constructible_types{};
 712          auto known_constructible = [&](Type type) { return constructible_types.contains(type); };
 713          // Find the transitive closure by adding types until the set of types does not change.
 714          while (true) {
 715              size_t set_size = constructible_types.size();
 716              // Iterate over all types we have recipes for.
 717              for (const auto& [type, recipes] : table) {
 718                  if (!known_constructible(type)) {
 719                      // For not (yet known to be) constructible types, iterate over their recipes.
 720                      for (const auto& [_, subt] : recipes) {
 721                          // If any recipe involves only (already known to be) constructible types,
 722                          // add the recipe's type to the set.
 723                          if (std::all_of(subt.begin(), subt.end(), known_constructible)) {
 724                              constructible_types.insert(type);
 725                              break;
 726                          }
 727                      }
 728                  }
 729              }
 730              if (constructible_types.size() == set_size) break;
 731          }
 732          for (auto type_it = table.begin(); type_it != table.end();) {
 733              // Remove all recipes which involve non-constructible types.
 734              type_it->second.erase(std::remove_if(type_it->second.begin(), type_it->second.end(),
 735                  [&](const recipe& rec) {
 736                      return !std::all_of(rec.second.begin(), rec.second.end(), known_constructible);
 737                  }), type_it->second.end());
 738              // Delete types entirely which have no recipes left.
 739              if (type_it->second.empty()) {
 740                  type_it = table.erase(type_it);
 741              } else {
 742                  ++type_it;
 743              }
 744          }
 745  
 746          for (auto& [type, recipes] : table) {
 747              // Sort recipes for determinism, and place those using fewer subnodes first.
 748              // This avoids runaway expansion (when reaching the end of the fuzz input,
 749              // all zeroes are read, resulting in the first available recipe being picked).
 750              std::sort(recipes.begin(), recipes.end(),
 751                  [](const recipe& a, const recipe& b) {
 752                      if (a.second.size() < b.second.size()) return true;
 753                      if (a.second.size() > b.second.size()) return false;
 754                      return a < b;
 755                  }
 756              );
 757          }
 758      }
 759  } SMARTINFO;
 760  
 761  /**
 762   * Consume a Miniscript node from the fuzzer's output.
 763   *
 764   * This is similar to ConsumeNodeStable, but uses a precomputed table with permitted
 765   * fragments/subnode type for each required type. It is intended to more quickly explore
 766   * interesting miniscripts, at the cost of higher implementation complexity (which could
 767   * cause it miss things if incorrect), and with less regard for stability of the seeds
 768   * (as improvements to the tables or changes to the typing rules could invalidate
 769   * everything).
 770   */
 771  std::optional<NodeInfo> ConsumeNodeSmart(MsCtx script_ctx, FuzzedDataProvider& provider, Type type_needed) {
 772      /** Table entry for the requested type. */
 773      const auto& table{IsTapscript(script_ctx) ? SMARTINFO.tap_table : SMARTINFO.wsh_table};
 774      auto recipes_it = table.find(type_needed);
 775      assert(recipes_it != table.end());
 776      /** Pick one recipe from the available ones for that type. */
 777      const auto& [frag, subt] = PickValue(provider, recipes_it->second);
 778  
 779      // Based on the fragment the recipe uses, fill in other data (k, keys, data).
 780      switch (frag) {
 781          case Fragment::PK_K:
 782          case Fragment::PK_H:
 783              return {{frag, ConsumePubKey(provider)}};
 784          case Fragment::MULTI: {
 785              const auto n_keys = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint8_t>(1, 20);
 786              const auto k = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint8_t>(1, n_keys);
 787              std::vector<CPubKey> keys{n_keys};
 788              for (auto& key: keys) key = ConsumePubKey(provider);
 789              return {{frag, k, std::move(keys)}};
 790          }
 791          case Fragment::MULTI_A: {
 792              const auto n_keys = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint16_t>(1, 999);
 793              const auto k = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint16_t>(1, n_keys);
 794              std::vector<CPubKey> keys{n_keys};
 795              for (auto& key: keys) key = ConsumePubKey(provider);
 796              return {{frag, k, std::move(keys)}};
 797          }
 798          case Fragment::OLDER:
 799          case Fragment::AFTER:
 800              return {{frag, provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint32_t>(1, 0x7FFFFFF)}};
 801          case Fragment::SHA256:
 802              return {{frag, PickValue(provider, TEST_DATA.sha256)}};
 803          case Fragment::HASH256:
 804              return {{frag, PickValue(provider, TEST_DATA.hash256)}};
 805          case Fragment::RIPEMD160:
 806              return {{frag, PickValue(provider, TEST_DATA.ripemd160)}};
 807          case Fragment::HASH160:
 808              return {{frag, PickValue(provider, TEST_DATA.hash160)}};
 809          case Fragment::JUST_0:
 810          case Fragment::JUST_1:
 811          case Fragment::WRAP_A:
 812          case Fragment::WRAP_S:
 813          case Fragment::WRAP_C:
 814          case Fragment::WRAP_D:
 815          case Fragment::WRAP_V:
 816          case Fragment::WRAP_J:
 817          case Fragment::WRAP_N:
 818          case Fragment::AND_V:
 819          case Fragment::AND_B:
 820          case Fragment::OR_B:
 821          case Fragment::OR_C:
 822          case Fragment::OR_D:
 823          case Fragment::OR_I:
 824          case Fragment::ANDOR:
 825              return {{subt, frag}};
 826          case Fragment::THRESH: {
 827              uint32_t children;
 828              if (subt.size() < 2) {
 829                  children = subt.size();
 830              } else {
 831                  // If we hit a thresh with 2 subnodes, artificially extend it to any number
 832                  // (2 or larger) by replicating the type of the last subnode.
 833                  children = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint32_t>(2, MAX_OPS_PER_SCRIPT / 2);
 834              }
 835              auto k = provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint32_t>(1, children);
 836              std::vector<Type> subs = subt;
 837              while (subs.size() < children) subs.push_back(subs.back());
 838              return {{std::move(subs), frag, k}};
 839          }
 840      }
 841  
 842      assert(false);
 843  }
 844  
 845  /**
 846   * Generate a Miniscript node based on the fuzzer's input.
 847   *
 848   * - ConsumeNode is a function object taking a Type, and returning an std::optional<NodeInfo>.
 849   * - root_type is the required type properties of the constructed Node.
 850   * - strict_valid sets whether ConsumeNode is expected to guarantee a NodeInfo that results in
 851   *   a Node whose Type() matches the type fed to ConsumeNode.
 852   */
 853  template <typename F>
 854  std::optional<Node> GenNode(MsCtx script_ctx, F ConsumeNode, Type root_type, bool strict_valid = false)
 855  {
 856      /** A stack of miniscript Nodes being built up. */
 857      std::vector<Node> stack;
 858      /** The queue of instructions. */
 859      std::vector<std::pair<Type, std::optional<NodeInfo>>> todo{{root_type, {}}};
 860      /** Predict the number of (static) script ops. */
 861      uint32_t ops{0};
 862      /** Predict the total script size (every unexplored subnode is counted as one, as every leaf is
 863       *  at least one script byte). */
 864      uint32_t scriptsize{1};
 865  
 866      while (!todo.empty()) {
 867          // The expected type we have to construct.
 868          auto type_needed = todo.back().first;
 869          if (!todo.back().second) {
 870              // Fragment/children have not been decided yet. Decide them.
 871              auto node_info = ConsumeNode(type_needed);
 872              if (!node_info) return {};
 873              // Update predicted resource limits. Since every leaf Miniscript node is at least one
 874              // byte long, we move one byte from each child to their parent. A similar technique is
 875              // used in the miniscript::internal::Parse function to prevent runaway string parsing.
 876              scriptsize += miniscript::internal::ComputeScriptLen(node_info->fragment, ""_mst, node_info->subtypes.size(), node_info->k, node_info->subtypes.size(),
 877                                                                   node_info->keys.size(), script_ctx) - 1;
 878              if (scriptsize > MAX_STANDARD_P2WSH_SCRIPT_SIZE) return {};
 879              switch (node_info->fragment) {
 880              case Fragment::JUST_0:
 881              case Fragment::JUST_1:
 882                  break;
 883              case Fragment::PK_K:
 884                  break;
 885              case Fragment::PK_H:
 886                  ops += 3;
 887                  break;
 888              case Fragment::OLDER:
 889              case Fragment::AFTER:
 890                  ops += 1;
 891                  break;
 892              case Fragment::RIPEMD160:
 893              case Fragment::SHA256:
 894              case Fragment::HASH160:
 895              case Fragment::HASH256:
 896                  ops += 4;
 897                  break;
 898              case Fragment::ANDOR:
 899                  ops += 3;
 900                  break;
 901              case Fragment::AND_V:
 902                  break;
 903              case Fragment::AND_B:
 904              case Fragment::OR_B:
 905                  ops += 1;
 906                  break;
 907              case Fragment::OR_C:
 908                  ops += 2;
 909                  break;
 910              case Fragment::OR_D:
 911                  ops += 3;
 912                  break;
 913              case Fragment::OR_I:
 914                  ops += 3;
 915                  break;
 916              case Fragment::THRESH:
 917                  ops += node_info->subtypes.size();
 918                  break;
 919              case Fragment::MULTI:
 920                  ops += 1;
 921                  break;
 922              case Fragment::MULTI_A:
 923                  ops += node_info->keys.size() + 1;
 924                  break;
 925              case Fragment::WRAP_A:
 926                  ops += 2;
 927                  break;
 928              case Fragment::WRAP_S:
 929                  ops += 1;
 930                  break;
 931              case Fragment::WRAP_C:
 932                  ops += 1;
 933                  break;
 934              case Fragment::WRAP_D:
 935                  ops += 3;
 936                  break;
 937              case Fragment::WRAP_V:
 938                  // We don't account for OP_VERIFY here; that will be corrected for when the actual
 939                  // node is constructed below.
 940                  break;
 941              case Fragment::WRAP_J:
 942                  ops += 4;
 943                  break;
 944              case Fragment::WRAP_N:
 945                  ops += 1;
 946                  break;
 947              }
 948              if (ops > MAX_OPS_PER_SCRIPT) return {};
 949              auto subtypes = node_info->subtypes;
 950              todo.back().second = std::move(node_info);
 951              todo.reserve(todo.size() + subtypes.size());
 952              // As elements on the todo stack are processed back to front, construct
 953              // them in reverse order (so that the first subnode is generated first).
 954              for (size_t i = 0; i < subtypes.size(); ++i) {
 955                  todo.emplace_back(*(subtypes.rbegin() + i), std::nullopt);
 956              }
 957          } else {
 958              // The back of todo has fragment and number of children decided, and
 959              // those children have been constructed at the back of stack. Pop
 960              // that entry off todo, and use it to construct a new Node on
 961              // stack.
 962              NodeInfo& info = *todo.back().second;
 963              // Gather children from the back of stack.
 964              std::vector<Node> sub;
 965              sub.reserve(info.subtypes.size());
 966              for (size_t i = 0; i < info.subtypes.size(); ++i) {
 967                  sub.push_back(std::move(*(stack.end() - info.subtypes.size() + i)));
 968              }
 969              stack.erase(stack.end() - info.subtypes.size(), stack.end());
 970              // Construct new Node.
 971              Node node{[&] {
 972                  if (info.keys.empty()) {
 973                      return Node{miniscript::internal::NoDupCheck{}, script_ctx, info.fragment, std::move(sub), std::move(info.hash), info.k};
 974                  }
 975                  assert(sub.empty());
 976                  assert(info.hash.empty());
 977                  return Node{miniscript::internal::NoDupCheck{}, script_ctx, info.fragment, std::move(info.keys), info.k};
 978              }()};
 979              // Verify acceptability.
 980              if ((node.GetType() & "KVWB"_mst) == ""_mst) {
 981                  assert(!strict_valid);
 982                  return {};
 983              }
 984              if (!(type_needed == ""_mst)) {
 985                  assert(node.GetType() << type_needed);
 986              }
 987              if (!node.IsValid()) return {};
 988              // Update resource predictions.
 989              if (node.Fragment() == Fragment::WRAP_V && node.Subs()[0].GetType() << "x"_mst) {
 990                  ops += 1;
 991                  scriptsize += 1;
 992              }
 993              if (!miniscript::IsTapscript(script_ctx) && ops > MAX_OPS_PER_SCRIPT) return {};
 994              if (scriptsize > miniscript::internal::MaxScriptSize(script_ctx)) {
 995                  return {};
 996              }
 997              // Move it to the stack.
 998              stack.push_back(std::move(node));
 999              todo.pop_back();
1000          }
1001      }
1002      assert(stack.size() == 1);
1003      assert(stack[0].GetStaticOps() == ops);
1004      assert(stack[0].ScriptSize() == scriptsize);
1005      stack[0].DuplicateKeyCheck(KEY_COMP);
1006      return std::move(stack[0]);
1007  }
1008  
1009  //! The spk for this script under the given context. If it's a Taproot output also record the spend data.
1010  CScript ScriptPubKey(MsCtx ctx, const CScript& script, TaprootBuilder& builder)
1011  {
1012      if (!miniscript::IsTapscript(ctx)) return CScript() << OP_0 << WitnessV0ScriptHash(script);
1013  
1014      // For Taproot outputs we always use a tree with a single script and a dummy internal key.
1015      builder.Add(0, script, TAPROOT_LEAF_TAPSCRIPT);
1016      builder.Finalize(XOnlyPubKey::NUMS_H);
1017      return GetScriptForDestination(builder.GetOutput());
1018  }
1019  
1020  //! Fill the witness with the data additional to the script satisfaction.
1021  void SatisfactionToWitness(MsCtx ctx, CScriptWitness& witness, const CScript& script, TaprootBuilder& builder) {
1022      // For P2WSH, it's only the witness script.
1023      witness.stack.emplace_back(script.begin(), script.end());
1024      if (!miniscript::IsTapscript(ctx)) return;
1025      // For Tapscript we also need the control block.
1026      witness.stack.push_back(*builder.GetSpendData().scripts.begin()->second.begin());
1027  }
1028  
1029  /** Perform various applicable tests on a miniscript Node. */
1030  void TestNode(const MsCtx script_ctx, const std::optional<Node>& node, FuzzedDataProvider& provider)
1031  {
1032      if (!node) return;
1033  
1034      // Check that it roundtrips to text representation
1035      const ParserContext parser_ctx{script_ctx};
1036      std::optional<std::string> str{node->ToString(parser_ctx)};
1037      assert(str);
1038      auto parsed = miniscript::FromString(*str, parser_ctx);
1039      assert(parsed);
1040      assert(*parsed == *node);
1041  
1042      // Check consistency between script size estimation and real size.
1043      auto script = node->ToScript(parser_ctx);
1044      assert(node->ScriptSize() == script.size());
1045  
1046      // Check consistency of "x" property with the script (type K is excluded, because it can end
1047      // with a push of a key, which could match these opcodes).
1048      if (!(node->GetType() << "K"_mst)) {
1049          bool ends_in_verify = !(node->GetType() << "x"_mst);
1050          assert(ends_in_verify == (script.back() == OP_CHECKSIG || script.back() == OP_CHECKMULTISIG || script.back() == OP_EQUAL || script.back() == OP_NUMEQUAL));
1051      }
1052  
1053      // The rest of the checks only apply when testing a valid top-level script.
1054      if (!node->IsValidTopLevel()) return;
1055  
1056      // Check roundtrip to script
1057      auto decoded = miniscript::FromScript(script, parser_ctx);
1058      assert(decoded);
1059      // Note we can't use *decoded == *node because the miniscript representation may differ, so we check that:
1060      // - The script corresponding to that decoded form matches exactly
1061      // - The type matches exactly
1062      assert(decoded->ToScript(parser_ctx) == script);
1063      assert(decoded->GetType() == node->GetType());
1064  
1065      // Optionally pad the script or the witness in order to increase the sensitivity of the tests of
1066      // the resources limits logic.
1067      CScriptWitness witness_mal, witness_nonmal;
1068      if (provider.ConsumeBool()) {
1069          // Under P2WSH, optionally pad the script with OP_NOPs to max op the ops limit of the constructed script.
1070          // This makes the script obviously not actually miniscript-compatible anymore, but the
1071          // signatures constructed in this test don't commit to the script anyway, so the same
1072          // miniscript satisfier will work. This increases the sensitivity of the test to the ops
1073          // counting logic being too low, especially for simple scripts.
1074          // Do this optionally because we're not solely interested in cases where the number of ops is
1075          // maximal.
1076          // Do not pad more than what would cause MAX_STANDARD_P2WSH_SCRIPT_SIZE to be reached, however,
1077          // as that also invalidates scripts.
1078          const auto node_ops{node->GetOps()};
1079          if (!IsTapscript(script_ctx) && node_ops && *node_ops < MAX_OPS_PER_SCRIPT
1080              && node->ScriptSize() < MAX_STANDARD_P2WSH_SCRIPT_SIZE) {
1081              int add = std::min<int>(
1082                  MAX_OPS_PER_SCRIPT - *node_ops,
1083                  MAX_STANDARD_P2WSH_SCRIPT_SIZE - node->ScriptSize());
1084              for (int i = 0; i < add; ++i) script.push_back(OP_NOP);
1085          }
1086  
1087          // Under Tapscript, optionally pad the stack up to the limit minus the calculated maximum execution stack
1088          // size to assert a Miniscript would never add more elements to the stack during execution than anticipated.
1089          const auto node_exec_ss{node->GetExecStackSize()};
1090          if (miniscript::IsTapscript(script_ctx) && node_exec_ss && *node_exec_ss < MAX_STACK_SIZE) {
1091              unsigned add{(unsigned)MAX_STACK_SIZE - *node_exec_ss};
1092              witness_mal.stack.resize(add);
1093              witness_nonmal.stack.resize(add);
1094              script.reserve(add);
1095              for (unsigned i = 0; i < add; ++i) script.push_back(OP_NIP);
1096          }
1097      }
1098  
1099      const SatisfierContext satisfier_ctx{script_ctx};
1100  
1101      // Get the ScriptPubKey for this script, filling spend data if it's Taproot.
1102      TaprootBuilder builder;
1103      const CScript script_pubkey{ScriptPubKey(script_ctx, script, builder)};
1104  
1105      // Run malleable satisfaction algorithm.
1106      std::vector<std::vector<unsigned char>> stack_mal;
1107      const bool mal_success = node->Satisfy(satisfier_ctx, stack_mal, false) == miniscript::Availability::YES;
1108  
1109      // Run non-malleable satisfaction algorithm.
1110      std::vector<std::vector<unsigned char>> stack_nonmal;
1111      const bool nonmal_success = node->Satisfy(satisfier_ctx, stack_nonmal, true) == miniscript::Availability::YES;
1112  
1113      if (nonmal_success) {
1114          // Non-malleable satisfactions are bounded by the satisfaction size plus:
1115          // - For P2WSH spends, the witness script
1116          // - For Tapscript spends, both the witness script and the control block
1117          const size_t max_stack_size{*node->GetStackSize() + 1 + miniscript::IsTapscript(script_ctx)};
1118          assert(stack_nonmal.size() <= max_stack_size);
1119          // If a non-malleable satisfaction exists, the malleable one must also exist, and be identical to it.
1120          assert(mal_success);
1121          assert(stack_nonmal == stack_mal);
1122          // Compute witness size (excluding script push, control block, and witness count encoding).
1123          const uint64_t wit_size{GetSerializeSize(stack_nonmal) - GetSizeOfCompactSize(stack_nonmal.size())};
1124          assert(wit_size <= *node->GetWitnessSize());
1125  
1126          // Test non-malleable satisfaction.
1127          witness_nonmal.stack.insert(witness_nonmal.stack.end(), std::make_move_iterator(stack_nonmal.begin()), std::make_move_iterator(stack_nonmal.end()));
1128          SatisfactionToWitness(script_ctx, witness_nonmal, script, builder);
1129          ScriptError serror;
1130          bool res = VerifyScript(DUMMY_SCRIPTSIG, script_pubkey, &witness_nonmal, STANDARD_SCRIPT_VERIFY_FLAGS, CHECKER_CTX, &serror);
1131          // Non-malleable satisfactions are guaranteed to be valid if ValidSatisfactions().
1132          if (node->ValidSatisfactions()) assert(res);
1133          // More detailed: non-malleable satisfactions must be valid, or could fail with ops count error (if CheckOpsLimit failed),
1134          // or with a stack size error (if CheckStackSize check failed).
1135          assert(res ||
1136                 (!node->CheckOpsLimit() && serror == ScriptError::SCRIPT_ERR_OP_COUNT) ||
1137                 (!node->CheckStackSize() && serror == ScriptError::SCRIPT_ERR_STACK_SIZE));
1138      }
1139  
1140      if (mal_success && (!nonmal_success || witness_mal.stack != witness_nonmal.stack)) {
1141          // Test malleable satisfaction only if it's different from the non-malleable one.
1142          witness_mal.stack.insert(witness_mal.stack.end(), std::make_move_iterator(stack_mal.begin()), std::make_move_iterator(stack_mal.end()));
1143          SatisfactionToWitness(script_ctx, witness_mal, script, builder);
1144          ScriptError serror;
1145          bool res = VerifyScript(DUMMY_SCRIPTSIG, script_pubkey, &witness_mal, STANDARD_SCRIPT_VERIFY_FLAGS, CHECKER_CTX, &serror);
1146          // Malleable satisfactions are not guaranteed to be valid under any conditions, but they can only
1147          // fail due to stack or ops limits.
1148          assert(res || serror == ScriptError::SCRIPT_ERR_OP_COUNT || serror == ScriptError::SCRIPT_ERR_STACK_SIZE);
1149      }
1150  
1151      if (node->IsSane()) {
1152          // For sane nodes, the two algorithms behave identically.
1153          assert(mal_success == nonmal_success);
1154      }
1155  
1156      // Verify that if a node is policy-satisfiable, the malleable satisfaction
1157      // algorithm succeeds. Given that under IsSane() both satisfactions
1158      // are identical, this implies that for such nodes, the non-malleable
1159      // satisfaction will also match the expected policy.
1160      const auto is_key_satisfiable = [script_ctx](const CPubKey& pubkey) -> bool {
1161          auto sig_ptr{TEST_DATA.GetSig(script_ctx, pubkey)};
1162          return sig_ptr != nullptr && sig_ptr->second;
1163      };
1164      bool satisfiable = node->IsSatisfiable([&](const Node& node) -> bool {
1165          switch (node.Fragment()) {
1166          case Fragment::PK_K:
1167          case Fragment::PK_H:
1168              return is_key_satisfiable(node.Keys()[0]);
1169          case Fragment::MULTI:
1170          case Fragment::MULTI_A: {
1171              size_t sats = std::ranges::count_if(node.Keys(), [&](const auto& key) {
1172                  return size_t(is_key_satisfiable(key));
1173              });
1174              return sats >= node.K();
1175          }
1176          case Fragment::OLDER:
1177          case Fragment::AFTER:
1178              return node.K() & 1;
1179          case Fragment::SHA256:
1180              return TEST_DATA.sha256_preimages.contains(node.Data());
1181          case Fragment::HASH256:
1182              return TEST_DATA.hash256_preimages.contains(node.Data());
1183          case Fragment::RIPEMD160:
1184              return TEST_DATA.ripemd160_preimages.contains(node.Data());
1185          case Fragment::HASH160:
1186              return TEST_DATA.hash160_preimages.contains(node.Data());
1187          default:
1188              assert(false);
1189          }
1190          return false;
1191      });
1192      assert(mal_success == satisfiable);
1193  }
1194  
1195  } // namespace
1196  
1197  void FuzzInit()
1198  {
1199      static ECC_Context ecc_context{};
1200      TEST_DATA.Init();
1201  }
1202  
1203  void FuzzInitSmart()
1204  {
1205      FuzzInit();
1206      SMARTINFO.Init();
1207  }
1208  
1209  /** Fuzz target that runs TestNode on nodes generated using ConsumeNodeStable. */
1210  FUZZ_TARGET(miniscript_stable, .init = FuzzInit)
1211  {
1212      // Run it under both P2WSH and Tapscript contexts.
1213      for (const auto script_ctx: {MsCtx::P2WSH, MsCtx::TAPSCRIPT}) {
1214          FuzzedDataProvider provider(buffer.data(), buffer.size());
1215          TestNode(script_ctx, GenNode(script_ctx, [&](Type needed_type) {
1216              return ConsumeNodeStable(script_ctx, provider, needed_type);
1217          }, ""_mst), provider);
1218      }
1219  }
1220  
1221  /** Fuzz target that runs TestNode on nodes generated using ConsumeNodeSmart. */
1222  FUZZ_TARGET(miniscript_smart, .init = FuzzInitSmart)
1223  {
1224      /** The set of types we aim to construct nodes for. Together they cover all. */
1225      static constexpr std::array<Type, 4> BASE_TYPES{"B"_mst, "V"_mst, "K"_mst, "W"_mst};
1226  
1227      FuzzedDataProvider provider(buffer.data(), buffer.size());
1228      const auto script_ctx{(MsCtx)provider.ConsumeBool()};
1229      TestNode(script_ctx, GenNode(script_ctx, [&](Type needed_type) {
1230          return ConsumeNodeSmart(script_ctx, provider, needed_type);
1231      }, PickValue(provider, BASE_TYPES), true), provider);
1232  }
1233  
1234  /* Fuzz tests that test parsing from a string, and roundtripping via string. */
1235  FUZZ_TARGET(miniscript_string, .init = FuzzInit)
1236  {
1237      constexpr auto is_too_expensive{[](std::span<const uint8_t> buf) { return HasTooManySubFrag(buf) || HasTooManyWrappers(buf); }};
1238  
1239      if (buffer.empty()) return;
1240      FuzzedDataProvider provider(buffer.data(), buffer.size());
1241      auto str = provider.ConsumeBytesAsString(provider.remaining_bytes() - 1);
1242      if (is_too_expensive(MakeUCharSpan(str))) return;
1243      const ParserContext parser_ctx{(MsCtx)provider.ConsumeBool()};
1244      auto parsed = miniscript::FromString(str, parser_ctx);
1245      if (!parsed) return;
1246  
1247      const auto str2 = parsed->ToString(parser_ctx);
1248      assert(str2);
1249      auto parsed2 = miniscript::FromString(*str2, parser_ctx);
1250      assert(parsed2);
1251      assert(*parsed == *parsed2);
1252  }
1253  
1254  /* Fuzz tests that test parsing from a script, and roundtripping via script. */
1255  FUZZ_TARGET(miniscript_script)
1256  {
1257      FuzzedDataProvider fuzzed_data_provider(buffer.data(), buffer.size());
1258      const std::optional<CScript> script = ConsumeDeserializable<CScript>(fuzzed_data_provider);
1259      if (!script) return;
1260  
1261      const ScriptParserContext script_parser_ctx{(MsCtx)fuzzed_data_provider.ConsumeBool()};
1262      const auto ms = miniscript::FromScript(*script, script_parser_ctx);
1263      if (!ms) return;
1264  
1265      assert(ms->ToScript(script_parser_ctx) == *script);
1266  }